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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is self-regulation?
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monitoring and reacting to goals that one sets for themselves. Thought to be related to trait metacognition (ability to think about how you think) and trait motivation (nAch)
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What is power distance?
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The extent to which less powerful members of a culture expect and accept that they have less power (the people with more power don't think about it quite so much)
Culture and gender did influence the goals people selected (more points, easier goals) |
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What is self-regulated learning?
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Learning occurs through personal processes to regulate behavior or environment. This happens through the feedback loop.
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What is adaptive self-regulation?
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Involve discrepancy detection and reduction (using feedback from environment to modify behavior). A component of managerial effectiveness, must be able to do this quickly.
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What is the fan effect?
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Fan effect- as you study more about a concept your time to retrieve info about particular facts within that concept increases.
The fan is the number of facts associated with a concept (Big fan is like a big purse, takes you longer to find things in it) Three concepts: 1. Associative strength between two concepts reflects degree with which you can use them to predict one another 2. Foils rejected by retrieving mismatching facts 3. can adjust relative weights given to cues in retrieval |
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What is a negativity bias?
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Negative events tend to be perceived as more potent & dominate evaluations
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What do we know about first impressions?
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Once formed they tend to persist and only new info has power to alter them.
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What is retrieval induced forgetting?
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Even when you can't access specific information your beliefs about the information will persist (being afraid of dark)
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How does your cognitive processes affect a PA?
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People rely on schema which is the mental structure that represents some aspect of the world (prototypes). The rater has to weigh and integrate all of the info into an evaluation.
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What are some ways in which system variables may influence an evaluation (e.g. with eyewitness testimony)?
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System variables are under the control of the test developer- instructions, number of items (lineup size), etc.
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Is expert performance learned or innate?
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previous assumption was that it is innate, new research shows that expert performance is related to acquiring complex skills and physiological adaptations
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Describe contextual and strategic knowledge and how they lead to the acquisition of expertise.
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contextual- solving a problem w/in a situation
strategic- how to solve problems across situations At first you gain strategic info then you gain contextual knowledge |
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How can you differentiate between expert and novice performers?
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The way they organize their knowledge.
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What is symbolic mental rehearsal and what is it used for?
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SMR is a form of mental rehearsal that establishes a cognitive link b/w visual images and symbolic memory codes. You can use it to enhance training.
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What are framing effects? give a positive and negative example.
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Framing effects occur when different descriptions of the same decision lead to different preferences (despite many other factors like outcome being the same).
Positive frame- Glass is half full Negative frame- Glass is half empty People high in need for cognition are more resistant to these frames b/c they adhere to normative principles |
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What is the sure thing principle and what are its repercussions?
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STP occurs when people faced with uncertainty think about the implications of each outcome and are made aware of their preferences.
Not thinking through consequences violates the STP |
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What is a fixed pie perception and how should you handle it?
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FPP is the belief that there are limited resources and everything the other party gets you are deprived of. Diametrically opposed needs. You can handle this by trying to think about what the other person/party is experiencing. Also, exploring alternative options (compromise)
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What technological problems arose from the WTC attacks, what did we learn and how has it been applied?
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Companies must share information more efficiently (improved data quality, sharing, etc.). Use similar software with compatible systems. Sharing data is sometimes difficult- have to let go of fixed pie perceptions.
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What is the EPI? How does it compare to 16PF?
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Eysenck Personality inventory not able to discriminate between groups as easily as Cattell's 16 Personality Factor questionnaire which is well validated.
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What are the differences between learning and performance goal orientations? Which one is better?
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Learning- develop competence by mastering new skills and situations
performance- demonstrate and validate one's competence by seeking favorable judgments and avoiding negative judgments. Learning goal orientation is better b/c it promotes self-regulation and fosters dev't of valuable skills. |
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What has research found in terms of expert vs student knowledge?
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Expert knowledge is more flexible, selective & accurate, they make fewer errors and enhanced memory is a core feature of expertise in decision making. They also remember more relevant information than students.
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What is an example of pro-norm deviance? Anti-norm deviance? Which is more attractive?
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Pro-norm- pro-lifer picketing every day (extreme, but in line with group norms)
Anti-norm- pro-choicer voting pro-life (extreme, but against group norms). Pro-norm deviance is always more attractive, no matter the magnitude. |
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How does the research talk about dissimilarities? What are the consequences of being dissimilar on a work team? What can we learn/change in the work place?
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Dissimilarity- degree to which 2 individuals do not share common attributes, or the degree to which attributes aren't shared w/team members.
Value dissimilarity in a work setting can lead to task & relationship conflict while lowering work group involvement. How to change- manage differences by introducing norms promoting diversity and involvement. But if you are false this will have a negative effect. |
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What has research found relating to prejudice? Is prejudice automatic or controlled?
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The research has found that both high and low prejudice groups are knowledgeable about cultural stereotypes. Stereotypes are automatically activated- it's just what you do with them. People tend to demonstrate more prejudice when around other members of their in-group.
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What are the positive and negative affects of romantic involvement in the workplace?
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Positive- while it's good the relationship can boost productivity, increases job satisfaction.
Negative- can be distracting (lowered performance), or if it goes sour can result in job dissatisfaction. Can create gossip. Can lead to sexual harassment. Awkward for managers. |
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How can workplace friendships increase and decrease productivity? What do managers think about it? Who is most likely to exploit relationships, men or women?
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Increase- improve communication, helps get job done.
Decrease- can lead to gossip. Managers are in favor of friendship at work. According to research women are more likely to exploit relationships for personal gain. |
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What are the many ways in which affective states (moods) can influence workplace behaviors?
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Motivation, creativity, performance, interpersonal judgments and communication, PA judgments, selection interviews, organizational spontaneity, employee flexibility, etc.
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What are the 3 major gaps that exist b/w HR practice and scientific research in terms of employee attitudes and job satisfaction?
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1. Causes of employee attitudes
2. Outcomes of positive or negative JS 3. How to measure & influence employee attitudes |
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Career self-management sounds like a great idea, but what has research actually found?
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Formal training efforts to engage employees in career self-management were not successful in re-socializing employees to engage in them.
In fact, they decreased trainee's likelihood of engaging in their career. |
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What is the main difference between violence and aggression? What is organization-motivated aggression & violence? Can we prevent them?
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Violence is the outcome, aggression is the potentiality for violence.
OMA- attempted behavior, instigated by org context OMV- sig negative effects as a result of OMA Prevent by monitoring/controlling work environment. Take intervening action to overcome obstacles. |
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What are 3 individual differences that relate to aggression? If you control for these will workplace aggression cease?
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1. reactions to anger
2. negative affectivity 3. self-monitoring Even after controlling for these indiv level factors dyadic and workgroup factors still influence behaviors. |
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What are some different organizational factors that influence aggression?
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Workplace policies against aggression (moderates), interpersonal injustice partially mediates relationship b/w supervisory control & aggression. When people feel out of control of an unjust situation they may resort to aggression.
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What is incivility? Who xp's incivility more, women or men? What are some negative effects of incivility?
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Incivility is low-intensity deviant behavior with ambiguous intent to harm the target (in violation of workplace norms for mutual respect). Both genders experience it but women more-so than men.
Some negative workplace outcomes of incivility are: lower JS, job withdrawal, greater psych distress. |
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What are the Big Five personality factors? How does personality impact work related outcomes?
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OCEAN
Openness- inventive, curious, art, emotion adventure, curiousity, etc. Conscientiousness- efficient, organized, show self-discipline, act dutifully, aim for achievement, planned behavior Extroversion- outgoing, energetic, positive emotions, stimulation in groups Neuroticism- sensitive, nervous, experience unpleasant emotions easily, anxiety, vulnerability, etc. Personality impacts motivation, job performance, training, workplace learning. |
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What are NA and PA and are they dispositional or situational?
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Negative affect- persistent bad mood
positive affect- persistent positive mood. They can be both- dispositional/long-term/stable and influenced by situation. |
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Why is learning orientation better than performance orientation?
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Learning utilizes self-regulation and the development of valuable skills
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What is Motivated Action Theory?
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A dynamic model of goal orientation, acknowledgs that goal oriented behaviors are constantly changing.
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What is self-deception in learning? What personality trait was found to be negatively related to learning? What traits have been shown to interact with self-efficacy?
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Self-deception- tendency to have honestly held but positively biased views of oneself. Conscientious individuals were found to be self-deceiving which led to lower learning outcomes. But, they had high self-efficacy.
Self-efficacy related to: Conscientiousness, neurotisicsm, agreeableness, extroversion. Possibly can select on these traits (especially with work teams) |
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Which of the big five has the highest correlation with Growth Need Strength? What are the practical implications of this relationship?
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Openness. Practically, if you want individuals high on openness to experience to keep working at your org you need to provide them with developmental opportunities and skill variety.
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What has Internal Locus of Control been found to relate to? Practically, what does this mean?
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Internal LOC is related with:
mental well-being, LS, JS, physical health, intrinsic task motivation, self-development, etc and etc. Negatively related to job burnout and stress. Locus of Controls is very important to most work related outcomes- it must be considered when thinking about cognitive processes. |
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With virtual workers, what can predict their level of organizational identification?
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Need for affiliation and perception of work-based social support.
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What has the research shown regarding nurses and need for achievement?
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Higher nAch predicts higher job satisfaciton.
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What does the research indicate is related to need for achievement?
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nAch is related to the following factors but ONLY when it doesn't get in the way of the employees success:
Commitment to org, lower turnover intentions, engage in more OCB's, need for control, and job performance. |
