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313 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ATOMATOFLAMES |
91.205 Altimeter Tachometer Oil temp indicator Magnetic compass Airspeed indicator Temperature gauge (liquid cool) Oil pressure indicator Fuel gauge Landing gear indicator Anti-collision lights Manifold pressure gauge ELT Safety harnesses/Seatbelts |
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FLAPS |
91.205 Fuses Landing light Anti-collision lights Positions lights (nav lights) Source (battery) |
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ARROW+EC |
Aircraft documents: Airworthiness certificate Radio operator license (int.) Registration certificate Operating procedures (POH) Weight and balance + External data plate Compass deviation |
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AV1ATES |
Inspections: Altimeter (IFR, 24 calanders) VOR (IFR, 30 days) 100 hour (for hire/any ANP) Annual (12 calanders/ANP + IA) Transponder (24 calanders) ELT (1 hour cumulative use or half batter life + 12 calanders) Static & Encoder (IFR, 24 calanders) |
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PAVE |
Pilot Aircraft enVironment External pressures |
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IMSAFE |
Illness Medication Stress Alcohol Fatigue External factors (eating/emotion) |
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NWKRAFT |
Notams Weather Known ATC delays Runway lengths Alternates Fuel required Takeoff & landing distances |
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PARE |
Power-idle Ailerons-neutral Rudder-opposite of spin Elevator-down |
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PACWORM |
Prohibited Alert area Controlled firing area Warning area Other Restricted Military operations area |
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COWS |
Fronts greatest to smallest weather wise: Cold front Occluded front Warm front Stationary front |
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IAEROAST |
91.213(d) inop. equipment Inoperable equipment AC (91-67) Equipment Required Optional Additional Standard required TCDS (Cessna 172) |
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AIIMR |
Hazardous attitudes: Anti-authority (rules don't apply) Impulsivity (do something quickly) Invulnerability (it won't happen to me) Macho (I can do it!) Resignation (what's the use?) |
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STC |
Supplemental type certificate |
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AFTTIS |
Airframe total time in service |
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IAW |
In accordance with |
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IA |
Inspection authorization |
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ANP |
Airframe and power plants |
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V speeds |
Max GTW(normal)=2,550 lbs Max GTW(utility)=2,200 lbs Max ramp=2,558 Vso-40 Vs-48 Vx-62 Vy-74 Va@1900-90 Va@2,550-105 Vr-55 Vfe10-110 Vfe20to30-85 Vno-129 Vne-163 Vg-68 |
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Engine - LHAND |
Lychoming (IO-360-L2A, 4 cylinders, 180hp@2700rpm) (fuel injected engine with a wet sump type lubrication system) Horizontally opposed Air cooled Naturally aspirated (not turbocharged, performs at density altitude) Direct drive (propeller connects directly to the crankshaft)
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Engine lubrication |
Full pressure, wet sump type lubrication Uses AV grade oil (15WW) 8 quart oil sump (5 minimum by Cessna, 6 minimum by ATP) |
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Magnetos |
2 magnetos on the back of the engine provide spark to 8 spark plugs (2 in each cylinder) Engine driven magnetos |
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Alternatkr |
Belt driven alternator and a starter located at the front of the engine 60 amp alternator |
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Propeller |
Fixed pitch propeller McCauley 76 inches (74 minimum) 1 piece, 2 blades All metal aluminum alloy prop |
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Vacuum system |
2 engine driven vacuum pumps located at the back of the engine Normal range= 4.5-5.5 Hg" Provides vacuum to the attitude indicator and heading gyros (directional indicator) L VAC/R VAC lights come on when less than 3.0 Hg" |
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Landing gear |
Fixed tricycle type landing gear |
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Shock absorption (main and nose) |
Main: Tubular spring steel struts Nose Oleo (air/oil) shock strut |
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Brakes |
(Main) Hydraulically actuated Single disco brake pads Controlled... -connected by a hydraulic line to a master cylinder attached to each pilots rudder pedals |
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Nose wheel |
Nose strut extends in flight locking it into place Shimmy damper: Damps nose wheel vibrations during ground operations at high speeds Linked to rudders by: A spring loaded steering bungee -turns the nose up to 10 degrees (30 degrees with differential breaking) |
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Flaps |
Single slot type flaps attached to the trailing edge of the wings Electrically driven Motor on the right wing Detents at 0, 10, 20, & 30 degrees |
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How our flaps work |
They increase the lift and induced drag for any given AOA -high energy air from the lower surface is ducted to the flaps upper surface -this then delays the separation of air flow |
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Pitot static system |
Pitot tube (left) provides RAM air to the airspeed indicator Static port on the left of the fuselage provides static pressure to the airspeed indicator, vertical speed indicator, and altimeter -electrically heated pitot tube -alternate static source located under the instrument panel |
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Fuel system |
56 total, 53 usable Fuel flows by gravity to the fuel selector valve, into the fuel revisor tank, to the auxiliary fuel pump, past the fuel shutoff valve, through the fuel strainer, into the engine driven fuel pump, to the fuel/air control unit, into the fuel manifold distribution, and then is evenly distributed into the cylinders
13 total sumps 5 under each wing at the lowest points 1 on the fuel selector valve 1 on the fuel revisor tank 1 on the fuel strainer |
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Fuel ventilatikn |
3 total vents
1 on each fuel filler cap
Check valve located under the left wing (connecting line from the right wing) |
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What happens if the air induction filter become blocked? |
Suction created by the engine opens a door on the bottom of the engine cowling, and draws unfiltered air from inside the lower cowl area **10% loss in power at full throttle |
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Electrical system |
28 volt direct current (DC) electrical system
Electrical energy is supplied by a 60 amp belt driven alternator
24 Volt lead acid battery @35 amp
Electrical energy is distributed by electrical buses and circuit breakers
External power receptical located on the left side of the engine cowling |
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Exterior lighting |
Navigation lights: Left wing (red) Right wing (green) Top of rudder (white)
Taxi/landing lights: Landing on the inside Taxi on the outside Leading edge of left wing (dual)
Beacon: Flashing beacon on the top of the vertical fin
Strobes: Flashing strobes on each wing tip by the red/green navigation (position) lights |
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Environmental |
Cabin heat: Air is ducted through the exhaust shroud into the cabin controlled by the cabin heat knob
Cabin air: By ventilators near the top corners of both the left and right corners of the windshield controlled by the cabin air knob |
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Stall warning system |
Pneumatic type stall warning system
Inlet on the left leading edge: -ducted to a horn near the top left of the windshield
As the aircraft approaches a stall... -the lower pressure from the top of the wing shifts forward drawing air through the horn -audible warning 5-10 knots above the stall speed |
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Certification requirements (private pilot airplane) |
(61.103) Be at least 17 years of age Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language Hold a U.S. student pilot certificate, sport, or recreational pilot certificate Hold at least a third class medical certificate Received and required ground and flight training endorsements Meet applicable aeronautical experience requirements Passed the required knowledge and practical tests |
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Currency: flight review |
(61.56) Within the preceding 24 months, accomplished a flight review given in an aircraft for which that pilot is rated by an authorized instructor and received a logbook endorsement certifying that the person has satisfactorily completed the review |
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Currency: flight review |
(61.56) Within the preceding 24 months, accomplished a flight review given in an aircraft for which that pilot is rated by an authorized instructor and received a logbook endorsement certifying that the person has satisfactorily completed the review |
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To carry passengers |
(61.57) Must have made 3 takeoffs and landings as the sole manipulator of he flight controls if an aircraft of the same category class and type (if required) within the preceding 90 days Day-touch and go's Night-full stop (1hr after and 1hr before sun) Tailwheel-full stop |
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Currency: flight review |
(61.56) Within the preceding 24 months, accomplished a flight review given in an aircraft for which that pilot is rated by an authorized instructor and received a logbook endorsement certifying that the person has satisfactorily completed the review |
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To carry passengers |
(61.57) Must have made 3 takeoffs and landings as the sole manipulator of he flight controls if an aircraft of the same category class and type (if required) within the preceding 90 days Day-touch and go's Night-full stop (1hr after and 1hr before sun) Tailwheel-full stop |
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Medical certificate |
(61.23) Issued after September 16th 1996 it expires after -the 60th month after the month of the date of the examination shown if the person has not yet reached their 40th birthday -24th month if the person has reached their 60th birthday |
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Currency: flight review |
(61.56) Within the preceding 24 months, accomplished a flight review given in an aircraft for which that pilot is rated by an authorized instructor and received a logbook endorsement certifying that the person has satisfactorily completed the review |
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To carry passengers |
(61.57) Must have made 3 takeoffs and landings as the sole manipulator of he flight controls if an aircraft of the same category class and type (if required) within the preceding 90 days Day-touch and go's Night-full stop (1hr after and 1hr before sun) Tailwheel-full stop |
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Medical certificate |
(61.23) Issued after September 16th 1996 it expires after -the 60th month after the month of the date of the examination shown if the person has not yet reached their 40th birthday -24th month if the person has reached their 60th birthday |
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Privileges and limitations |
(61.69;61.113) No person who holds a private pilot certificate may act as PIC of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire; nor may that person for compensation or hire act as PIC of an aircraft. a. Business or employment b. Pro rata share c. Charitable non profit or community event d. Reimbursed for search and rescue e. Demonstrate to buyer if a salesman and logged over 200 hrs of PIC time f. Act as pic of towing a glider or unpowered ultra light g. Flight test in light sport aircraft |
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Definition of high performance aircraft and how to PIC one |
(61.31) -an airplane with an engine of more than 200 hp -act as pic: you must have received and logged ground and flight training from and authorized instructor in a high performance aircraft or sim |
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Definition of high performance aircraft and how to PIC one |
(61.31) -an airplane with an engine of more than 200 hp -act as pic: you must have received and logged ground and flight training from and authorized instructor in a high performance aircraft or sim |
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Other than high performance what other types of aircraft must you receive and log ground training? |
(61.31) High altitude airplane Tailwheel airplane |
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What is a complex aircradt |
An airplane that had retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch prop |
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What is a complex aircradt |
An airplane that had retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch prop |
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Category class and type with respect to certification, privileges, and limitations of airman |
-category: airplane, rotorcraft, glider, etc. -class: SEL, MEL, SES, MES Type: DC-10, B-777, etc. |
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What is a complex aircradt |
An airplane that had retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch prop |
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Category class and type with respect to certification, privileges, and limitations of airman |
-category: airplane, rotorcraft, glider, etc. -class: SEL, MEL, SES, MES Type: DC-10, B-777, etc. |
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First class medical |
Before 40- 12 calanders After 40- 6 calanders
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What is a complex aircradt |
An airplane that had retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch prop |
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Category class and type with respect to certification, privileges, and limitations of airman |
-category: airplane, rotorcraft, glider, etc. -class: SEL, MEL, SES, MES Type: DC-10, B-777, etc. |
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First class medical |
Before 40- 12 calanders After 40- 6 calanders
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Second and third class medical |
Before 40- 60 calendars After 40- 24 calanders |
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What is a complex aircradt |
An airplane that had retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch prop |
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Category class and type with respect to certification, privileges, and limitations of airman |
-category: airplane, rotorcraft, glider, etc. -class: SEL, MEL, SES, MES Type: DC-10, B-777, etc. |
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First class medical |
Before 40- 12 calanders After 40- 6 calanders
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Second and third class medical |
Before 40- 60 calendars After 40- 24 calanders |
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Documents required to exercise private pilot privileges |
A pilot certification (or special purpose pilot authorization) Valid photo ID A medical certificate (exceptions in 61.3) |
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What is a complex aircradt |
An airplane that had retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch prop |
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Category class and type with respect to certification, privileges, and limitations of airman |
-category: airplane, rotorcraft, glider, etc. -class: SEL, MEL, SES, MES Type: DC-10, B-777, etc. |
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First class medical |
Before 40- 12 calanders After 40- 6 calanders
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Second and third class medical |
Before 40- 60 calendars After 40- 24 calanders |
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Documents required to exercise private pilot privileges |
A pilot certification (or special purpose pilot authorization) Valid photo ID A medical certificate (exceptions in 61.3) |
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Current vs. proficient |
Current- staying current with FAA minimums/staying legal Proficient- being a competent pilot and being prepared for almost any situation |
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What is a complex aircradt |
An airplane that had retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch prop |
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Category class and type with respect to certification, privileges, and limitations of airman |
-category: airplane, rotorcraft, glider, etc. -class: SEL, MEL, SES, MES Type: DC-10, B-777, etc. |
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First class medical |
Before 40- 12 calanders After 40- 6 calanders
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Second and third class medical |
Before 40- 60 calendars After 40- 24 calanders |
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Documents required to exercise private pilot privileges |
A pilot certification (or special purpose pilot authorization) Valid photo ID A medical certificate (exceptions in 61.3) |
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Current vs. proficient |
Current- staying current with FAA minimums/staying legal Proficient- being a competent pilot and being prepared for almost any situation |
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Certifications of aircraft to be displayed at all times |
Airworthiness certificate Registration Radio station license (int.) |
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What is a complex aircradt |
An airplane that had retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch prop |
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Category class and type with respect to certification, privileges, and limitations of airman |
-category: airplane, rotorcraft, glider, etc. -class: SEL, MEL, SES, MES Type: DC-10, B-777, etc. |
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First class medical |
Before 40- 12 calanders After 40- 6 calanders
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Second and third class medical |
Before 40- 60 calendars After 40- 24 calanders |
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Documents required to exercise private pilot privileges |
A pilot certification (or special purpose pilot authorization) Valid photo ID A medical certificate (exceptions in 61.3) |
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Current vs. proficient |
Current- staying current with FAA minimums/staying legal Proficient- being a competent pilot and being prepared for almost any situation |
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Certifications of aircraft to be displayed at all times |
Airworthiness certificate Registration Radio station license (int.) |
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Aircraft documents to be carried in the airplane at all times |
Current POH or FAA approved AFM Weight and balance and associated papers (latest copy of repair and alterations form) Equipment list |
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What is a complex aircradt |
An airplane that had retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch prop |
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Category class and type with respect to certification, privileges, and limitations of airman |
-category: airplane, rotorcraft, glider, etc. -class: SEL, MEL, SES, MES Type: DC-10, B-777, etc. |
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First class medical |
Before 40- 12 calanders After 40- 6 calanders
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Second and third class medical |
Before 40- 60 calendars After 40- 24 calanders |
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Documents required to exercise private pilot privileges |
A pilot certification (or special purpose pilot authorization) Valid photo ID A medical certificate (exceptions in 61.3) |
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Current vs. proficient |
Current- staying current with FAA minimums/staying legal Proficient- being a competent pilot and being prepared for almost any situation |
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Certifications of aircraft to be displayed at all times |
Airworthiness certificate Registration Radio station license (int.) |
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Aircraft documents to be carried in the airplane at all times |
Current POH or FAA approved AFM Weight and balance and associated papers (latest copy of repair and alterations form) Equipment list |
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Aircraft documents to be made available upon request |
Airplane and engine logbooks |
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Airworthiness directives apply to.. |
Aircraft, aircraft engines, props, or appliances when: -an unsafe condition exists in a product -that condition is likely to exist or develop in other products of the same type design
Emergency-immediate action Less urgent-compliance within a specified time period |
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Airworthiness directives apply to.. |
Aircraft, aircraft engines, props, or appliances when: -an unsafe condition exists in a product -that condition is likely to exist or develop in other products of the same type design
Emergency-immediate action Less urgent-compliance within a specified time period |
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Special airworthiness information bulletins (SAIBs) |
(Order 8110.100A) Non regulatory guidance that dies not meet criteria for an AD |
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Airworthiness directives apply to.. |
Aircraft, aircraft engines, props, or appliances when: -an unsafe condition exists in a product -that condition is likely to exist or develop in other products of the same type design
Emergency-immediate action Less urgent-compliance within a specified time period |
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Special airworthiness information bulletins (SAIBs) |
(Order 8110.100A) Non regulatory guidance that dies not meet criteria for an AD |
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Purpose and procedure for obtaining a special flight permit |
(91.213 & 21.197) E.g. Flying to a base for repairs or maintenance, delivering exporting or storing an aircraft, flight tests, evacuation from danger, customer demonstrations
Obtained by: Necessary forms from local FSDO or designated airworthiness representative |
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Inoperable equipment |
Operation with an MEL- 91.213a Operation without an MEL - 91.213d |
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Inoperable equipment |
Operation with an MEL- 91.213a Operation without an MEL - 91.213d |
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Using an approved MEL |
It's for a particular make and model aircraft by serial and registration numbers that includes only those items that the FAA deems may be inoperative and still be safe for flight with appropriate conditions and limitations |
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Inoperable equipment |
Operation with an MEL- 91.213a Operation without an MEL - 91.213d |
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Using an approved MEL |
It's for a particular make and model aircraft by serial and registration numbers that includes only those items that the FAA deems may be inoperative and still be safe for flight with appropriate conditions and limitations |
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Required discrepancy of records or placecards |
(FAA-H-8083-25) FAA considers an approved MEL to be a STC issued by serial or registration number --once issued the MEL becomes mandatory
Procedures (91.213d) Pilot determines if inoperable equipment is required by type design, regulations, or ADs --if still safe: inoperable equipment is removed or deactivated and places an INOPERATIVE place card near appropriate item |
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Inoperable equipment |
Operation with an MEL- 91.213a Operation without an MEL - 91.213d |
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Using an approved MEL |
It's for a particular make and model aircraft by serial and registration numbers that includes only those items that the FAA deems may be inoperative and still be safe for flight with appropriate conditions and limitations |
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Required discrepancy of records or placecards |
(FAA-H-8083-25) FAA considers an approved MEL to be a STC issued by serial or registration number --once issued the MEL becomes mandatory
Procedures (91.213d) Pilot determines if inoperable equipment is required by type design, regulations, or ADs --if still safe: inoperable equipment is removed or deactivated and places an INOPERATIVE place card near appropriate item |
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Appropriate sources of weather data for flight planning purposes |
Briefing from an AFSS/FSS (1-800-WX-BRIEF) Telephone info briefing services (TIBS/AFSS) Private sources Direct user access terminal system (DUATS) |
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Inoperable equipment |
Operation with an MEL- 91.213a Operation without an MEL - 91.213d |
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Using an approved MEL |
It's for a particular make and model aircraft by serial and registration numbers that includes only those items that the FAA deems may be inoperative and still be safe for flight with appropriate conditions and limitations |
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Required discrepancy of records or placecards |
(FAA-H-8083-25) FAA considers an approved MEL to be a STC issued by serial or registration number --once issued the MEL becomes mandatory
Procedures (91.213d) Pilot determines if inoperable equipment is required by type design, regulations, or ADs --if still safe: inoperable equipment is removed or deactivated and places an INOPERATIVE place card near appropriate item |
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Appropriate sources of weather data for flight planning purposes |
Briefing from an AFSS/FSS (1-800-WX-BRIEF) Telephone info briefing services (TIBS/AFSS) Private sources Direct user access terminal system (DUATS) |
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In flight weather advisories |
(EFAS) en route flight advisory service: - specifically for en route aircraft with timely/meaningful weather advisories
(HIWAS) hazardous in flight weather advisory service: - continuous broadcast of inflight weather advisories such as sigmets, convective sigmets, airmets, and urgent pireps |
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Inoperable equipment |
Operation with an MEL- 91.213a Operation without an MEL - 91.213d |
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Using an approved MEL |
It's for a particular make and model aircraft by serial and registration numbers that includes only those items that the FAA deems may be inoperative and still be safe for flight with appropriate conditions and limitations |
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Required discrepancy of records or placecards |
(FAA-H-8083-25) FAA considers an approved MEL to be a STC issued by serial or registration number --once issued the MEL becomes mandatory
Procedures (91.213d) Pilot determines if inoperable equipment is required by type design, regulations, or ADs --if still safe: inoperable equipment is removed or deactivated and places an INOPERATIVE place card near appropriate item |
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Appropriate sources of weather data for flight planning purposes |
Briefing from an AFSS/FSS (1-800-WX-BRIEF) Telephone info briefing services (TIBS/AFSS) Private sources Direct user access terminal system (DUATS) |
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In flight weather advisories |
(EFAS) en route flight advisory service: - specifically for en route aircraft with timely/meaningful weather advisories
(HIWAS) hazardous in flight weather advisory service: - continuous broadcast of inflight weather advisories such as sigmets, convective sigmets, airmets, and urgent pireps |
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Conditions of stable air |
Stratiform clouds Smooth air Steady precipitation Poor visibility |
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Inoperable equipment |
Operation with an MEL- 91.213a Operation without an MEL - 91.213d |
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Using an approved MEL |
It's for a particular make and model aircraft by serial and registration numbers that includes only those items that the FAA deems may be inoperative and still be safe for flight with appropriate conditions and limitations |
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Required discrepancy of records or placecards |
(FAA-H-8083-25) FAA considers an approved MEL to be a STC issued by serial or registration number --once issued the MEL becomes mandatory
Procedures (91.213d) Pilot determines if inoperable equipment is required by type design, regulations, or ADs --if still safe: inoperable equipment is removed or deactivated and places an INOPERATIVE place card near appropriate item |
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Appropriate sources of weather data for flight planning purposes |
Briefing from an AFSS/FSS (1-800-WX-BRIEF) Telephone info briefing services (TIBS/AFSS) Private sources Direct user access terminal system (DUATS) |
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In flight weather advisories |
(EFAS) en route flight advisory service: - specifically for en route aircraft with timely/meaningful weather advisories
(HIWAS) hazardous in flight weather advisory service: - continuous broadcast of inflight weather advisories such as sigmets, convective sigmets, airmets, and urgent pireps |
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Conditions of stable air |
Stratiform clouds Smooth air Steady precipitation Poor visibility |
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Conditions of unstable air |
Cumuliform clouds Rough air Showery precipitation Good visibility |
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Inoperable equipment |
Operation with an MEL- 91.213a Operation without an MEL - 91.213d |
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Using an approved MEL |
It's for a particular make and model aircraft by serial and registration numbers that includes only those items that the FAA deems may be inoperative and still be safe for flight with appropriate conditions and limitations |
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|
Required discrepancy of records or placecards |
(FAA-H-8083-25) FAA considers an approved MEL to be a STC issued by serial or registration number --once issued the MEL becomes mandatory
Procedures (91.213d) Pilot determines if inoperable equipment is required by type design, regulations, or ADs --if still safe: inoperable equipment is removed or deactivated and places an INOPERATIVE place card near appropriate item |
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Appropriate sources of weather data for flight planning purposes |
Briefing from an AFSS/FSS (1-800-WX-BRIEF) Telephone info briefing services (TIBS/AFSS) Private sources Direct user access terminal system (DUATS) |
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|
In flight weather advisories |
(EFAS) en route flight advisory service: - specifically for en route aircraft with timely/meaningful weather advisories
(HIWAS) hazardous in flight weather advisory service: - continuous broadcast of inflight weather advisories such as sigmets, convective sigmets, airmets, and urgent pireps |
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Conditions of stable air |
Stratiform clouds Smooth air Steady precipitation Poor visibility |
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Conditions of unstable air |
Cumuliform clouds Rough air Showery precipitation Good visibility |
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Wind |
Caused by uneven heating of earths surface Moving high to low pressure Coriolis Force (force created by rotation of the earth) |
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Inoperable equipment |
Operation with an MEL- 91.213a Operation without an MEL - 91.213d |
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Using an approved MEL |
It's for a particular make and model aircraft by serial and registration numbers that includes only those items that the FAA deems may be inoperative and still be safe for flight with appropriate conditions and limitations |
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|
Required discrepancy of records or placecards |
(FAA-H-8083-25) FAA considers an approved MEL to be a STC issued by serial or registration number --once issued the MEL becomes mandatory
Procedures (91.213d) Pilot determines if inoperable equipment is required by type design, regulations, or ADs --if still safe: inoperable equipment is removed or deactivated and places an INOPERATIVE place card near appropriate item |
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Appropriate sources of weather data for flight planning purposes |
Briefing from an AFSS/FSS (1-800-WX-BRIEF) Telephone info briefing services (TIBS/AFSS) Private sources Direct user access terminal system (DUATS) |
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|
In flight weather advisories |
(EFAS) en route flight advisory service: - specifically for en route aircraft with timely/meaningful weather advisories
(HIWAS) hazardous in flight weather advisory service: - continuous broadcast of inflight weather advisories such as sigmets, convective sigmets, airmets, and urgent pireps |
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Conditions of stable air |
Stratiform clouds Smooth air Steady precipitation Poor visibility |
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Conditions of unstable air |
Cumuliform clouds Rough air Showery precipitation Good visibility |
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Wind |
Caused by uneven heating of earths surface Moving high to low pressure Coriolis Force (force created by rotation of the earth) |
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Left quartering headwind |
Left Aileron up (yoke left) Elevator neutral |
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Inoperable equipment |
Operation with an MEL- 91.213a Operation without an MEL - 91.213d |
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Using an approved MEL |
It's for a particular make and model aircraft by serial and registration numbers that includes only those items that the FAA deems may be inoperative and still be safe for flight with appropriate conditions and limitations |
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Required discrepancy of records or placecards |
(FAA-H-8083-25) FAA considers an approved MEL to be a STC issued by serial or registration number --once issued the MEL becomes mandatory
Procedures (91.213d) Pilot determines if inoperable equipment is required by type design, regulations, or ADs --if still safe: inoperable equipment is removed or deactivated and places an INOPERATIVE place card near appropriate item |
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Appropriate sources of weather data for flight planning purposes |
Briefing from an AFSS/FSS (1-800-WX-BRIEF) Telephone info briefing services (TIBS/AFSS) Private sources Direct user access terminal system (DUATS) |
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In flight weather advisories |
(EFAS) en route flight advisory service: - specifically for en route aircraft with timely/meaningful weather advisories
(HIWAS) hazardous in flight weather advisory service: - continuous broadcast of inflight weather advisories such as sigmets, convective sigmets, airmets, and urgent pireps |
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Conditions of stable air |
Stratiform clouds Smooth air Steady precipitation Poor visibility |
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Conditions of unstable air |
Cumuliform clouds Rough air Showery precipitation Good visibility |
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Wind |
Caused by uneven heating of earths surface Moving high to low pressure Coriolis Force (force created by rotation of the earth) |
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Left quartering headwind |
Left Aileron up (yoke left) Elevator neutral |
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Right quartering headwind |
Right aileron up (yoke right) Elevator neutral |
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Inoperable equipment |
Operation with an MEL- 91.213a Operation without an MEL - 91.213d |
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Left quartering tailwind |
Left aileron down (yoke right) Elevator down |
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Using an approved MEL |
It's for a particular make and model aircraft by serial and registration numbers that includes only those items that the FAA deems may be inoperative and still be safe for flight with appropriate conditions and limitations |
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|
Required discrepancy of records or placecards |
(FAA-H-8083-25) FAA considers an approved MEL to be a STC issued by serial or registration number --once issued the MEL becomes mandatory
Procedures (91.213d) Pilot determines if inoperable equipment is required by type design, regulations, or ADs --if still safe: inoperable equipment is removed or deactivated and places an INOPERATIVE place card near appropriate item |
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|
Appropriate sources of weather data for flight planning purposes |
Briefing from an AFSS/FSS (1-800-WX-BRIEF) Telephone info briefing services (TIBS/AFSS) Private sources Direct user access terminal system (DUATS) |
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|
In flight weather advisories |
(EFAS) en route flight advisory service: - specifically for en route aircraft with timely/meaningful weather advisories
(HIWAS) hazardous in flight weather advisory service: - continuous broadcast of inflight weather advisories such as sigmets, convective sigmets, airmets, and urgent pireps |
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|
Conditions of stable air |
Stratiform clouds Smooth air Steady precipitation Poor visibility |
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|
Conditions of unstable air |
Cumuliform clouds Rough air Showery precipitation Good visibility |
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|
Wind |
Caused by uneven heating of earths surface Moving high to low pressure Coriolis Force (force created by rotation of the earth) |
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Left quartering headwind |
Left Aileron up (yoke left) Elevator neutral |
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Right quartering headwind |
Right aileron up (yoke right) Elevator neutral |
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Inoperable equipment |
Operation with an MEL- 91.213a Operation without an MEL - 91.213d |
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Left quartering tailwind |
Left aileron down (yoke right) Elevator down |
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Right quartering tailwind |
Right aileron down (yoke left) Elevator down |
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|
Using an approved MEL |
It's for a particular make and model aircraft by serial and registration numbers that includes only those items that the FAA deems may be inoperative and still be safe for flight with appropriate conditions and limitations |
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|
Required discrepancy of records or placecards |
(FAA-H-8083-25) FAA considers an approved MEL to be a STC issued by serial or registration number --once issued the MEL becomes mandatory
Procedures (91.213d) Pilot determines if inoperable equipment is required by type design, regulations, or ADs --if still safe: inoperable equipment is removed or deactivated and places an INOPERATIVE place card near appropriate item |
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|
Appropriate sources of weather data for flight planning purposes |
Briefing from an AFSS/FSS (1-800-WX-BRIEF) Telephone info briefing services (TIBS/AFSS) Private sources Direct user access terminal system (DUATS) |
|
|
In flight weather advisories |
(EFAS) en route flight advisory service: - specifically for en route aircraft with timely/meaningful weather advisories
(HIWAS) hazardous in flight weather advisory service: - continuous broadcast of inflight weather advisories such as sigmets, convective sigmets, airmets, and urgent pireps |
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|
Conditions of stable air |
Stratiform clouds Smooth air Steady precipitation Poor visibility |
|
|
Conditions of unstable air |
Cumuliform clouds Rough air Showery precipitation Good visibility |
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|
Wind |
Caused by uneven heating of earths surface Moving high to low pressure Coriolis Force (force created by rotation of the earth) |
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|
Left quartering headwind |
Left Aileron up (yoke left) Elevator neutral |
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|
Right quartering headwind |
Right aileron up (yoke right) Elevator neutral |
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Wind shear |
A sudden, drastic change in wind speed or direction over a very small area -violent updrafts & downdrafts -abrupt changes to the horizontal movement of the aircraft |
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Wind shear |
A sudden, drastic change in wind speed or direction over a very small area -violent updrafts & downdrafts -abrupt changes to the horizontal movement of the aircraft |
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LLWS |
Associated with passing frontal systems, thunderstorms, temperature inversions, and strong upper level winds |
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Wind shear |
A sudden, drastic change in wind speed or direction over a very small area -violent updrafts & downdrafts -abrupt changes to the horizontal movement of the aircraft |
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LLWS |
Associated with passing frontal systems, thunderstorms, temperature inversions, and strong upper level winds |
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Warm air vs. cold air |
Warm air: -rises -is less dense -lighter
Cold air: -sinks -is denser -heavier |
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Wind shear |
A sudden, drastic change in wind speed or direction over a very small area -violent updrafts & downdrafts -abrupt changes to the horizontal movement of the aircraft |
|
|
LLWS |
Associated with passing frontal systems, thunderstorms, temperature inversions, and strong upper level winds |
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Warm air vs. cold air |
Warm air: -rises -is less dense -lighter
Cold air: -sinks -is denser -heavier |
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Lapse rate |
Average decrease of 2 degrees Celsius for ever 1,000 feet gained in altitude |
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|
Wind shear |
A sudden, drastic change in wind speed or direction over a very small area -violent updrafts & downdrafts -abrupt changes to the horizontal movement of the aircraft |
|
|
LLWS |
Associated with passing frontal systems, thunderstorms, temperature inversions, and strong upper level winds |
|
|
Warm air vs. cold air |
Warm air: -rises -is less dense -lighter
Cold air: -sinks -is denser -heavier |
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|
Lapse rate |
Average decrease of 2 degrees Celsius for ever 1,000 feet gained in altitude |
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|
Moisture |
Atmosphere contains moisture in the form of water vapor -amount depends on temperature |
|
|
Wind shear |
A sudden, drastic change in wind speed or direction over a very small area -violent updrafts & downdrafts -abrupt changes to the horizontal movement of the aircraft |
|
|
LLWS |
Associated with passing frontal systems, thunderstorms, temperature inversions, and strong upper level winds |
|
|
Warm air vs. cold air |
Warm air: -rises -is less dense -lighter
Cold air: -sinks -is denser -heavier |
|
|
Lapse rate |
Average decrease of 2 degrees Celsius for ever 1,000 feet gained in altitude |
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|
Moisture |
Atmosphere contains moisture in the form of water vapor -amount depends on temperature |
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|
Dew point |
Temperature at which the air can hold no more moisture -air is completely saturated (Fog, dew, frost, clouds, rain, or snow form) |
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|
Wind shear |
A sudden, drastic change in wind speed or direction over a very small area -violent updrafts & downdrafts -abrupt changes to the horizontal movement of the aircraft |
|
|
LLWS |
Associated with passing frontal systems, thunderstorms, temperature inversions, and strong upper level winds |
|
|
Warm air vs. cold air |
Warm air: -rises -is less dense -lighter
Cold air: -sinks -is denser -heavier |
|
|
Lapse rate |
Average decrease of 2 degrees Celsius for ever 1,000 feet gained in altitude |
|
|
Moisture |
Atmosphere contains moisture in the form of water vapor -amount depends on temperature |
|
|
Dew point |
Temperature at which the air can hold no more moisture -air is completely saturated (Fog, dew, frost, clouds, rain, or snow form) |
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|
Precipitation |
any type of water particle that forms in the atmosphere and falls to the ground
Occurs: -when water or ice particles in the clouds grow in size until the atmosphere can no longer support them
-virga is when rain evaporates before reaching the ground |
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|
Air masses |
Large bodies of air that take on the characteristics of the surrounding area or source region
Source regions: -sir masses remain stagnant and take on the temp. & moisture characteristics of the source region |
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|
Fronts/Types of fronts |
He bounded layer between two types of air masses -Warm front -Cold front -Occluded front: Warm front occlusion Cold front occlusion -Stationary front |
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Warm front characteristics |
-moves slowly (10-25mph) -precipitation -poor visibility -hazy conditions |
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Warm front characteristics |
-moves slowly (10-25mph) -precipitation -poor visibility -hazy conditions |
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|
Cold front characteristics |
-moves faster than warm (25-30mph) -poor visibility -rain showers may develop -lightening may form -pressure quickly drops |
|
|
Warm front characteristics |
-moves slowly (10-25mph) -precipitation -poor visibility -hazy conditions |
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|
Cold front characteristics |
-moves faster than warm (25-30mph) -poor visibility -rain showers may develop -lightening may form -pressure quickly drops |
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Warm front occlusion |
-rain/fog -embedded TSs may occur -more severe weather -warm air forced aloft is unstable |
|
|
Warm front characteristics |
-moves slowly (10-25mph) -precipitation -poor visibility -hazy conditions |
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|
Cold front characteristics |
-moves faster than warm (25-30mph) -poor visibility -rain showers may develop -lightening may form -pressure quickly drops |
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Warm front occlusion |
-rain/fog -embedded TSs may occur -more severe weather -warm air forced aloft is unstable |
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Cold front occlusion |
-Precipitation -variable winds -poor visibility -nimbus type clouds -most severe type of front |
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|
Stationary front characteristics |
-Weather is usually a mix of the two fronts -boundary layer remains stationary |
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|
Stationary front characteristics |
-Weather is usually a mix of the two fronts -boundary layer remains stationary |
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|
Cloud formation |
-adequate water vapor -condensation nuclei -method of cooling - reaches saturation point |
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|
Stationary front characteristics |
-Weather is usually a mix of the two fronts -boundary layer remains stationary |
|
|
Cloud formation |
-adequate water vapor -condensation nuclei -method of cooling - reaches saturation point |
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|
Cloud types |
Surface to 6,500 msl -stratus type clouds 6,500msl to 20,000msl -alto stratus type clouds 20,000msl and up -Cirrus type clouds Towering cumulus/cumulonimbus clouds |
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|
Turbulence |
Convective currents -uneven heating of earths surface Most noticeable with a land mass directly adjacent to a large body of water (land heats faster than water) |
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|
Turbulence |
Convective currents -uneven heating of earths surface Most noticeable with a land mass directly adjacent to a large body of water (land heats faster than water) |
|
|
Sea breeze vs. land breeze |
Sea breeze -during the daytime -air flows from water to land Land breeze -occurs at night -air flows from land to water |
|
|
Turbulence |
Convective currents -uneven heating of earths surface Most noticeable with a land mass directly adjacent to a large body of water (land heats faster than water) |
|
|
Sea breeze vs. land breeze |
Sea breeze -during the daytime -air flows from water to land Land breeze -occurs at night -air flows from land to water |
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|
Thunderstorm formation |
Water vapor Unstable air Lifting action |
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|
Turbulence |
Convective currents -uneven heating of earths surface Most noticeable with a land mass directly adjacent to a large body of water (land heats faster than water) |
|
|
Sea breeze vs. land breeze |
Sea breeze -during the daytime -air flows from water to land Land breeze -occurs at night -air flows from land to water |
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|
Thunderstorm formation |
Water vapor Unstable air Lifting action |
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|
Types of thunderstorms |
single-cell Multi-cell Multi-cellular line (squall) Super cell |
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|
Life cycle of a TS |
Cumulus stage -storm is building -height: 3-5 miles -updrafts Mature stage: - first drop of precipitation hits the surface -height: 5-10 miles -updrafts and downdrafts Dissipating stage: -height: 5-7 miles -downdrafts |
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|
Life cycle of a TS |
Cumulus stage -storm is building -height: 3-5 miles -updrafts Mature stage: - first drop of precipitation hits the surface -height: 5-10 miles -updrafts and downdrafts Dissipating stage: -height: 5-7 miles -downdrafts |
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|
Microbursts |
-Headwind about 30-90 knots -5-15 minutes long -downdrafts up to 6,000 fpm -TS/frontal storms |
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|
Icing |
-visible moisture and temps less than 0 degrees Celsius -most dangerous=super cooled water droplets
On airframe: -increases drag -reduces performance |
|
|
Icing |
-visible moisture and temps less than 0 degrees Celsius -most dangerous=super cooled water droplets
On airframe: -increases drag -reduces performance |
|
|
Types of icing |
Rime ice: -builds upward -already frozen or near freezing -stratus clouds
Clear ice: -cumulus clouds -super-cooled water droplets
Mixed ice: -cumulus/stratus/both -milky color and rough edges |
|
|
Icing |
-visible moisture and temps less than 0 degrees Celsius -most dangerous=super cooled water droplets
On airframe: -increases drag -reduces performance |
|
|
Types of icing |
Rime ice: -builds upward -already frozen or near freezing -stratus clouds
Clear ice: -cumulus clouds -super-cooled water droplets
Mixed ice: -cumulus/stratus/both -milky color and rough edges |
|
|
Types of deicing systems |
-deicing boot -wheeping wing -heated wing -pitot heat -defroster(ish) -FIKI |
|
|
Icing |
-visible moisture and temps less than 0 degrees Celsius -most dangerous=super cooled water droplets
On airframe: -increases drag -reduces performance |
|
|
Types of icing |
Rime ice: -builds upward -already frozen or near freezing -stratus clouds
Clear ice: -cumulus clouds -super-cooled water droplets
Mixed ice: -cumulus/stratus/both -milky color and rough edges |
|
|
Types of deicing systems |
-deicing boot -wheeping wing -heated wing -pitot heat -defroster(ish) -FIKI |
|
|
Types of fog |
-radiation fog -advection fog -upslope fog -steam fog -ice fog |
|
|
Icing |
-visible moisture and temps less than 0 degrees Celsius -most dangerous=super cooled water droplets
On airframe: -increases drag -reduces performance |
|
|
Types of icing |
Rime ice: -builds upward -already frozen or near freezing -stratus clouds
Clear ice: -cumulus clouds -super-cooled water droplets
Mixed ice: -cumulus/stratus/both -milky color and rough edges |
|
|
Types of deicing systems |
-deicing boot -wheeping wing -heated wing -pitot heat -defroster(ish) -FIKI |
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|
Types of fog |
-radiation fog -advection fog -upslope fog -steam fog -ice fog |
|
|
Radiation fog |
-Clear nights with little wind -low lying areas (mountains and valleys) -burns off with the sun |
|
|
Advection fog |
-warm moist air moves over a cold surface -wind is required (greater than 15 knots) |
|
|
Upslope fog |
-moist stable air is forced up sloping land features -can persist for days |
|
|
Upslope fog |
-moist stable air is forced up sloping land features -can persist for days |
|
|
Steam fog |
-cold dry air moved over warm water (sea smoke) -LL turbulence and icing -during coolest times of the year |
|
|
Ice fog |
Water vapor forms directly into ice crystals |
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|
Frost |
Dew freezes -1/2 an inch can decrease performance by 50% |
|
|
VFR cursing altitudes |
(91.159) 0-179 magnetic heading=odd thousand + 500 ft.
180-359 magnetic heading=even thousand + 500 ft. |
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|
VFR cursing altitudes |
(91.159) 0-179 magnetic heading=odd thousand + 500 ft.
180-359 magnetic heading=even thousand + 500 ft. |
|
|
VFR fuel requirements |
(91.151) Day +30 minutes assuming normal cruising speed Night +45 minutes assuming normal cruising speed |
|
|
VFR cursing altitudes |
(91.159) 0-179 magnetic heading=odd thousand + 500 ft.
180-359 magnetic heading=even thousand + 500 ft. |
|
|
VFR fuel requirements |
(91.151) Day +30 minutes assuming normal cruising speed Night +45 minutes assuming normal cruising speed |
|
|
Limitations of ATC services |
"Workload permitting" |
|
|
Special use airspace |
Prohibited Alert area Controlled firing area Warning area Others Restricted area Military operations area |
|
|
VFR cursing altitudes |
(91.159) 0-179 magnetic heading=odd thousand + 500 ft.
180-359 magnetic heading=even thousand + 500 ft. |
|
|
VFR fuel requirements |
(91.151) Day +30 minutes assuming normal cruising speed Night +45 minutes assuming normal cruising speed |
|
|
Limitations of ATC services |
"Workload permitting" |
|
|
Special use airspace |
Prohibited Alert area Controlled firing area Warning area Others Restricted area Military operations area |
|
|
Class A airspace |
Not depicted on chart FL180-FL600 Must be IFR rated and get an IFR clearance Must have IFR aircraft |
|
|
VFR cursing altitudes |
(91.159) 0-179 magnetic heading=odd thousand + 500 ft.
180-359 magnetic heading=even thousand + 500 ft. |
|
|
VFR fuel requirements |
(91.151) Day +30 minutes assuming normal cruising speed Night +45 minutes assuming normal cruising speed |
|
|
Limitations of ATC services |
"Workload permitting" |
|
|
Special use airspace |
Prohibited Alert area Controlled firing area Warning area Others Restricted area Military operations area |
|
|
Class A airspace |
Not depicted on chart FL180-FL600 Must be IFR rated and get an IFR clearance Must have IFR aircraft |
|
|
Class B airspace |
Solid blue line on chart Surface-10,000msl 30nm radius
Student pilot with proper endorsement (one for entering and one for landing) Mode C transponder Specific clearance to enter (tail #) |
|
|
VFR cursing altitudes |
(91.159) 0-179 magnetic heading=odd thousand + 500 ft.
180-359 magnetic heading=even thousand + 500 ft. |
|
|
VFR fuel requirements |
(91.151) Day +30 minutes assuming normal cruising speed Night +45 minutes assuming normal cruising speed |
|
|
Limitations of ATC services |
"Workload permitting" |
|
|
Special use airspace |
Prohibited Alert area Controlled firing area Warning area Others Restricted area Military operations area |
|
|
Class A airspace |
Not depicted on chart FL180-FL600 Must be IFR rated and get an IFR clearance Must have IFR aircraft |
|
|
Class B airspace |
Solid blue line on chart Surface-10,000msl 30nm radius
Student pilot with proper endorsement (one for entering and one for landing) Mode C transponder Specific clearance to enter (tail #) |
|
|
Class C airspace |
Solid magenta line on chart Surface to 4,000agl Inner shelf 5nm radius Outer shelf 10 mm radius
Mode C/S transponder 2 way radio coms (tail #) Student pilot |
|
|
VFR cursing altitudes |
(91.159) 0-179 magnetic heading=odd thousand + 500 ft.
180-359 magnetic heading=even thousand + 500 ft. |
|
|
VFR fuel requirements |
(91.151) Day +30 minutes assuming normal cruising speed Night +45 minutes assuming normal cruising speed |
|
|
Limitations of ATC services |
"Workload permitting" |
|
|
Special use airspace |
Prohibited Alert area Controlled firing area Warning area Others Restricted area Military operations area |
|
|
Class A airspace |
Not depicted on chart FL180-FL600 Must be IFR rated and get an IFR clearance Must have IFR aircraft |
|
|
Class B airspace |
Solid blue line on chart Surface-10,000msl 30nm radius
Student pilot with proper endorsement (one for entering and one for landing) Mode C transponder Specific clearance to enter (tail #) |
|
|
Class C airspace |
Solid magenta line on chart Surface to 4,000agl Inner shelf 5nm radius Outer shelf 10 mm radius
Mode C/S transponder 2 way radio coms (tail #) Student pilot |
|
|
Class D airspace |
Dashed blue line on chart Surface-2,500agl 4nm radius
2 way radio coms (tail #) Student pilot |
|
|
VFR cursing altitudes |
(91.159) 0-179 magnetic heading=odd thousand + 500 ft.
180-359 magnetic heading=even thousand + 500 ft. |
|
|
VFR fuel requirements |
(91.151) Day +30 minutes assuming normal cruising speed Night +45 minutes assuming normal cruising speed |
|
|
Limitations of ATC services |
"Workload permitting" |
|
|
Special use airspace |
Prohibited Alert area Controlled firing area Warning area Others Restricted area Military operations area |
|
|
Class A airspace |
Not depicted on chart FL180-FL600 Must be IFR rated and get an IFR clearance Must have IFR aircraft |
|
|
Class B airspace |
Solid blue line on chart Surface-10,000msl 30nm radius
Student pilot with proper endorsement (one for entering and one for landing) Mode C transponder Specific clearance to enter (tail #) |
|
|
Class C airspace |
Solid magenta line on chart Surface to 4,000agl Inner shelf 5nm radius Outer shelf 10 mm radius
Mode C/S transponder 2 way radio coms (tail #) Student pilot |
|
|
Class D airspace |
Dashed blue line on chart Surface-2,500agl 4nm radius
2 way radio coms (tail #) Student pilot |
|
|
Class E airspace |
Surface-FL180 (dashed magenta) 700agl-FL180 (magenta) 1,200agl-FL180 (blue) 14,500-FL180 FL600 up |
|
|
VFR cursing altitudes |
(91.159) 0-179 magnetic heading=odd thousand + 500 ft.
180-359 magnetic heading=even thousand + 500 ft. |
|
|
VFR fuel requirements |
(91.151) Day +30 minutes assuming normal cruising speed Night +45 minutes assuming normal cruising speed |
|
|
Limitations of ATC services |
"Workload permitting" |
|
|
Special use airspace |
Prohibited Alert area Controlled firing area Warning area Others Restricted area Military operations area |
|
|
Class A airspace |
Not depicted on chart FL180-FL600 Must be IFR rated and get an IFR clearance Must have IFR aircraft |
|
|
Class B airspace |
Solid blue line on chart Surface-10,000msl 30nm radius
Student pilot with proper endorsement (one for entering and one for landing) Mode C transponder Specific clearance to enter (tail #) |
|
|
Class C airspace |
Solid magenta line on chart Surface to 4,000agl Inner shelf 5nm radius Outer shelf 10 mm radius
Mode C/S transponder 2 way radio coms (tail #) Student pilot |
|
|
Class D airspace |
Dashed blue line on chart Surface-2,500agl 4nm radius
2 way radio coms (tail #) Student pilot |
|
|
Class E airspace |
Surface-FL180 (dashed magenta) 700agl-FL180 (magenta) 1,200agl-FL180 (blue) 14,500-FL180 FL600 up |
|
|
Class G airspace |
Surface-700agl Surface-1,200agl Surface-14,500msl |
