Private Pilot Ground School

Front 1

Vso

Back 1

Lower limit of the WHITE arc; stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration.

~40knots

Front 2

Vs1

Back 2

Lower limit of the GREEN arc, and is defined as the stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed obtained in take off.

~48knots

Front 3

Vno

Back 3

Top of the GREEN arc is the maximum structural cruising speed: do not except except in smooth air.

Front 4

Vne

Back 4

RED line; Never exceed speed. Operating above this speed is prohibited since it may cause damage or structural failure.

Front 5

Va

Back 5

Maximum speed for full and abrupt control without damage; always found in POH, not on indicator dial.

This changes with an aircraft's weight.

Front 6

Vfe

Back 6

Upper limit of the WHITE arc and represents maximum speed with flaps extended.

Front 7

WHITE ARC

Back 7

Flap operating range

Front 8

GREEN ARC

Back 8

Normal operations range

Front 9

YELLOW ARC

Back 9

Caution range

Front 10

RED LINE

Back 10

Never exceed this marked speed

Front 11

Indicated Airspeed (IAS)

Back 11

Reading supplied by the airspeed indicator. This indicator is designed to indicate TRUE AIRSPEED under standard sea level conditions, IAS does NOT reflect variations in air density as one climbs to higher altitudes.

(IAS is also uncorrected for installation (position) and instrument errors.)

Front 12

Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)

Back 12

Calibrated airspeed is indicated airspeed corrected for installation and and instrument errors. To determine CAS, read indicated airspeed and correct using chart or table in POH

Front 13

True Airspeed (TAS)

Back 13

True airspeed represents the true speed of your airplane through the air. It is calibrated airspeed corrected for altitude and non-standard pressure.

As Altitude or air temperature increases, the density of air decreases. (For a given IAS, TAS increases with altitude)

Front 14

Groundspeed (GS)

Back 14

Groundspeed represents the actual speed of one's plane over the ground. It is true airspeed adjusted for wind.

GS decreases with headwind and increases with tailwind.

Front 15

Airspeed Indicator

Back 15

Only instrument to use both PITOT and STATIC (surrounding air) pressure. Speed of an airplane is determined by comparing ram air with with static air pressure - the greater differential between the two, the greater the speed.

(Combination of the static pressure and the pressure generated by the aircraft as it moved through the air.)

Upper and lower limits on the Airspeed indicator correspond to V-SPEEDS.

Front 16

International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)

Back 16

Barometric pressure of 29.92 in. Hg. (1013.2 millibars) and a temperature of 15C (59F): Under these conditions, the weight of a column of air at sea level will be 14.7lb/in^2.

As altitude increases, pressure steadily decreases.

Front 17

Effects of Temperature on atmospheric pressure

Back 17

COOL Temps - will result in a lower barometric pressure because air molecules slow down, lowering the pressure they exert on the surrounding atmosphere.

HOT Temps - Increase atmospheric pressure due to the inverse reason: air molecules are excited, increasing their pressure on surrounding atmosphere.

((all else being equal))

Front 18

Atmospheric Pressure

Back 18

Measures with mercury (Hg) in an inverted tube, closed on one end. The weight of the mercury in the column is balanced by the pressure (weight) of the atmosphere over the mercury reservoir. At sea level in a standard atmosphere, the weight of the atmosphere supports a column of mercury 29.92 in. high.

Front 19

Standard Lapse Rate

Back 19

(In the lower atmosphere:) standard lapse rate for each 1,000 feet of altitude is approx. 1.00 in. Hg., and the standard temperature lapse is 2C or 3.5F.

Front 20

Pressure Altitude

Back 20

Is Indicated Altitude (directly read by the altimeter) set to an adjusted altimeter atmospheric pressure of 29.92in Hg.

Front 21

Density Altitude

Back 21

Is pressure altitude (indicated altitude at 29.92) combined with existing temperature.

Density altitude increases as ambient temperature increases.

Front 22

Calibrated Altitude

Back 22

Indicated altitude corrected to compensate for instrument error.

Front 23

True Altitude

Back 23

Actual height of an object above sea level (MSL)

During flight true, pressure and indicated alitude can all be equal with the correct alitmeter setting in a standard atmosphere.

On the ground, true altitude will match indicated altitude when altimeter is set to local presure setting.

Front 24

Absolute Altitude

Back 24

Height, or vertical distance, above the surface, whether it is land sea of object.

Commonly referred to as Above Ground Level (AGL)

Front 25

Altimeter correction from high to low pressure area

Back 25

If altimeter is not adjusted in flight from high to low pressure, altimeter will indicate higher than the actual (true) altitude.

Conversely, If altimeter is not adjusted in low to high pressure light, altimeter will indicate lower than actual (true) altitude.

Note - Atmospheric pressure decreases ~1 inch of Hg per 1,000 feet of altitude.

**When Flying from High to Low, Look out Below**

Front 26

Density Altitude

Back 26

Is pressure altitude (indicated altitude at 29.92) combined with existing temperature.

Density altitude increases as ambient temperature increases.

Front 27

Calibrated Altitude

Back 27

Indicated altitude corrected to compensate for instrument error.

Front 28

True Altitude

Back 28

Actual height of an object above sea level (MSL)

During flight true, pressure and indicated alitude can all be equal with the correct alitmeter setting in a standard atmosphere.

On the ground, true altitude will match indicated altitude when altimeter is set to local presure setting.

Front 29

Absolute Altitude

Back 29

Height, or vertical distance, above the surface, whether it is land sea of object.

Commonly referred to as Above Ground Level (AGL)

Front 30

Altimeter correction from high to low pressure area

Back 30

If altimeter is not adjusted in flight from high to low pressure, altimeter will indicate higher than the actual (true) altitude.

Conversely, If altimeter is not adjusted in low to high pressure light, altimeter will indicate lower than actual (true) altitude.

Note - Atmospheric pressure decreases ~1 inch of Hg per 1,000 feet of altitude.

**When Flying from High to Low, Look out Below**

Front 31

Altimeter setting is the value to which the barometric pressure scale of the altimeter is set so that the altimeter indicates?

Back 31

True altitude at field level

Front 32

How do variations in temperature affect the altimeter?

Back 32

Pressure levels are raised on warm days and the indicated altitude is lower than true altitude.

Front 33

What is true altitude?

Back 33

The vertical distance of the aircraft above the sea.

Front 34

What is absolute altitude?

Back 34

The vertical distance of the aircraft above the surface.

Front 35

One inch of change in Hg in the altimeter equals what?

Back 35

1,000 ft of altitude change int he same direction: up/down.

Front 36

The maximum speed at which an aircraft can be operated in smooth air is indicated how?

Back 36

By reading the upper limit of the yellow arc to the red line.

Front 37

Which color identifies the power-off stalling speed with wing flaps and landing gear in the landing configuration?

Back 37

Lower limit of the white arc.

Front 38

What is the maximum structural cruising speed?

Back 38

The max. cruising structural speed is indicated by the upper limit of the green arc.

Front 39

How should a pilot determine the direction of the bank from an attitude indicator?

Back 39

By relationship of the mini plane to the deflected horizon bar.

Front 40

Int he Northern Hemisphere, a magnetic compass will normally indicate initially a turn toward the west if...?

Back 40

.. a right turn is entered from a north heading.

Front 41

Int he Northern Hemisphere, a magnetic compass will normally indicate initially a turn toward the east if..?

Back 41

.. a left turn is entered from a norht heading.

Front 42

In the Northern Hemisphere, a magnetic compass will normally indicate a turn toward the north if..?

Back 42

.. an aircraft is accelerated while on an east or weat heading.

Front 43

In the Northern Hemisphere, the magnetic compass will normally indicate a turn toward the south when..?

Back 43

... the aircraft is decelerated while on a west heading.

Front 44

In the Northern Hemisphere, if an aircraft is accelerated or decelerated, the magnetic compass will normally indicate..?

Back 44

.. correctly when on a north or south heading.

Front 45

During flight, when are the indications of a magnetic compass accurate?

Back 45

ONLY in straight and level, unaccelerated flight.

Front 46

If the outside temperature (OAT) at a given altitude is warmer than standard, the density altitude is...?

Back 46

.. higher than pressure altitude.

Front 47

Under which condition will pressure altitude be equal to true altitude?

Back 47

When standard atmospheric conditions exist.

Front 48

If a flight is made from an area of low pressure into an area of high pressure without the altimeter setting being adjusted, the altimeter will indicate..?

Back 48

.. lower than the actual altitude above sea level.

Front 49

In what condition will true altitude be lower than indicated altitude?

Back 49

In colder than standard air temperature.

Front 50

Which factor would tend to increase the density altitude at a given airport?

Back 50

An increase in ambient temperature.

Front 51

The angular difference between true north and magnetic north is ..?

Back 51

Magnetic Deviation

Front 52

What should be the indication on the magnetic compass as you roll into a standard turn to the right from a south heading in the Northern Hemisphere?

Back 52

The compass will initially indicate a turn to the left.

Front 53

When converting from true to magnetic heading, a pilot should...

Back 53

Add westerly variation and subtract left wind correction.

Front 54

One of the main functions of flaps during the approach and landing is to ..

Back 54

increase the angle of descent without increasing airspeed.

Front 55

What is one purpose of wing flaps?

Back 55

To enable the pilot to make steeper approaches to a landing without increasing airspeed.

Front 56

The angle of attack at which an airplane wing stalls will..

Back 56

remain the same regardless of gross weight.

Front 57

What must the pilot be aware of as a result of ground effect?

Back 57

Induced drag decreases; therefore, any excess speed at the point of flare may cause considerable floating.

(Since ground effect decreases induced drag, the airplane tends to float while excess air speed bleeds off.

Front 58

Ground effect is most likely to result in which problem?

Back 58

Becoming airborne before reaching recommended takeoff speed.

Front 59

Changes int he center of pressure of a wing will affect the aircraft's?

Back 59

Aerodynamic balance and controllability.

Front 60

What determines the longitudinal stability of an airplane?

Back 60

The location of the CG with respect to the center of lift.

Front 61

What causes an airplane (except a T-tail) to pitch nose down when power is reduced and controls are not adjusted?

Back 61

The downwash on the elevators fromt he propellor slipstream is reduced and elevator effectiveness is reduced.

Front 62

An airplane has been loaded in such a manner than the CG is located aft of the aft CG limit. One undesirable flight characteristic a pilot might experience with this airplane would be what?

Back 62

Difficulty in recovering from the stalled condition.

Front 63

Loading an airplane to the most aft CG will cause the airplane to be..

Back 63

Less stable at all speeds.

Front 64

In what flight condition must an aircraft be placed in order to spin?

Back 64

Stalled.

Front 65

During a spin to the left, which wing(s) are stalled?

Back 65

Both.

Front 66

In what flight condition is the torque effect the greatest in single engine aircraft?

Back 66

Low airspeed, high power, high angle of attack.

Front 67

The left tendency of an airplane caused by P-factor is the result of the..?

Back 67

Propeller blade descending on the right, producing more thrust than the ascending blade on the left.

Front 68

When does P-factor cause the airplane to yaw to the left?

Back 68

When at high angles of attack.

Front 69

During an approach to a stall, an increased load factor will cause the airplane to..?

Back 69

Stall at a higher airspeed.

Front 70

What action is required when two aircraft of the same category converge, but not head on?

Back 70

The aircraft on the left shall give way.

Front 71

An airship and airplane are converging. If the airship is left of the airplane's position, which aircraft has the right of way?

Back 71

The airship: in general, the least maneuverable aircraft normally has the right of way.

Front 72

Except when necessary for takeoff or landing, what is the minimum safe altitude for a pilot to operate an aircraft over congested areas?

Back 72

An altitude of 1,000' above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000' of the aircraft.

Front 73

Except when necessary for takeoff or landing, what is the minimum safe altitude required for a pilot to operate an aircraft over other than a congested area?

Back 73

An altitude of 500' AGL, except over open water or sparsely populated area, which requires 500' from any person, vessel, vehicle or structure.

Front 74

When taxiing with a strong quartering tailwind, which aileron positions should be used?

Back 74

Aileron down on the side of the wind direction.

Front 75

Which aileron positions should be used (generally) when taxiing in strong quartering headwinds?

Back 75

Aileron up on the side from which the wind is blowing.

Front 76

How should the flight controls be held while taxiing a tricycle gear equipped airplane into a left quartering headwind?

Back 76

Left aileron up, elevator neutral.

Front 77

How should the flight controls be held while taxiing a tailwheel airplane into a right quartering headwind?

Back 77

Right aileron up, elevator up.

Front 78

What effect does haze have on the ability to see traffic or terrain features during flight?

Back 78

All traffic or terrain features appear to be farther away than their actual distance.

Front 79

Airport taxiway edge lights are identified at night by?

Back 79

Blue omnidirectional lights

Front 80

A slightly high glide slope indication from a precision approach path indicator (PAPI) is..?

Back 80

Three white lights and one red light.

Front 81

An above glide slope indication from a tri-color VASI is?

Back 81

An amber light

Front 82

A military air station can be identified by a rotating beacon that emits what type of lights?

Back 82

Two quick, white flashes between green flashes.

Front 83

What is the purpose of the runway hold position sign?

Back 83

Denotes entrance to runway from taxiway

Front 84

What does the outbound destination sign identify?

Back 84

It identifies direction to take-off runways.

Front 85

Pilots flying over a national wildlife refuge are requested to fly no lower than?

Back 85

2,000' AGL over a nat'l wildlife refuge.

Front 86

What are VFR flight minimums?

Back 86

In class G: 1 mile visibility and clear of clouds.

Below 10,000' MSL in class C, D and E airspace, the cloud clearances are 500' below, 1000' above, 1 mile horizontal and 3SM visibility.

Above 10,000' MS in class C, D and E airspace, cloud clearances are 1 mile horizontal, 1000' above and below with a flight visibility of 5SM.

100' ceiling limit on OVC or BRK clouds.

Front 87

How fast can you go (FAR 91.117)?

Back 87

Below 10,000 feet MSL, aircraft are to slow to 250 knots indicated airspeed. This speed may also be used inside Class B airspace. Once below 2,500 feet above the surface, and within four nautical miles of the primary airport in a Class C or D airspace, the aircraft must be slowed to 200 knots. When you are flying under Class B airspace or when in a VFR corridor through Class B airspace, the indicated airspeed must be 200 knots or less. If an aircraft's minimum safe speeds are higher than allowed in the regulations--such as is the case with the Concorde or Boeing 747--then the aircraft may be flown at minimum safe speeds.

Front 88

Federal airways are present from what to what AGL?

Back 88

Normally begina t 1200' AGL and extend up to but not including 18,000' AGL.

Front 89

What minimum radio equipment is required for operation within class C airspace?

Back 89

Two way radio communications equipment, a 4096 -code transponder and an encoding altimeter.

Front 90

What minimum radio equipment is required for VFR operation within Call B airspace?

Back 90

Two way radio communications equipment, a 4096-code transponder and an encoding altimeter.

Front 91

An operable 4096-code transponder and Mode C encoding altimeter are required in what airspace?

Back 91

Class B airspace within 30 miles of Class B primary airspace.

Front 92

TSRA Service in the terminal radar program provides what?

Back 92

Sequencing and separation for participating VFR aircraft.

Front 93

From whom should a departing VFR aircraft request radar traffic information during ground operations?

Back 93

Ground control, on initial contact.