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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define reabsorption.
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Being reabsorbed into the bloodstream
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Describe Intracellular Fluid
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ICF
Makes up 2/3 of TBWater Composed of:proteins, K, H2O |
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Describe the Extracellular Fluid.
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ECF, Internal Environment
Makes up 1/3 of TBWater Composed of: Na, H2O |
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Do both types of bodily fluids contain the same concentrations of solutes?
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No, because cells are selectively permeable so they only allow certain components from the ECF into the ICF in the cell.
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Are both the plasma and intersitial fluid composed of the same solute concentrations?
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No, plasma has more proteins because capillary walls are highly permeable to most solutes except proteins.
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Define homeostasis.
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The maintenence of constant conditions in the internal environment.
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What are the three constituents of ECF that fluctuate to a small degree?
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1)Composition
2)Volume 3)Temperature |
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Define negative feedback.
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The response goes against the changes set in motion.
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What is the effector in a negative feedback loop?
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cells, tissues, or organs that bring about a response
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What is the integrating center in a negative feedback loop?
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a particular set of neural circuits in the brain.
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What are the four mechanisms of heat transfer between the body and the external environment?
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1)Radiation
2)Conduction 3)Evaporation 4)Convection |
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What are the 4 major types of cells?
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1)Neurons
2)Muscle Cells 3)Epithelial Cells 4)Connective Tissue Cells |
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Talk about neurons.
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Neurons transmit information in the form of electrical signals. Ex: purkinje, stellate, pyramidal, basket
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Talk about muscle cells.
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Three Subtypes
1)Smooth--involuntary 2)Skeletal--involuntary 3)Cardiac--heart |
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Talk about epithelial cells.
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They are a continuous sheetlike layer with an underlying basement membrane. Found where fluids must be kept separate. Ex:glands, skin
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Talk about connective tissue cells.
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They make up blood cells, bone cells, fat cells, tendons, ligaments. Also make up widely scattered cells in extracellular matrix. Ex:collagen, elastin.
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Define and give examples of and endocrine gland.
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Glands that secrete hormones into interstitial fluid. Ex:pituitary, adrenal
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Define and give examples of an exocrine gland.
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Transports materials from the internal environment to the external environment. Ex: salivary, sweat.
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What are the 8 basic functions of a cell?
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1)obtain food and oxygen
2)chemical reactions 3)eliminating carbon dioxide 4)synthesize proteins 5)exchange of materials 6)diffusion of solutes 7)respond to their environment 8)reproduction |
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What are the 10 organ systems?
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1)cardiovascular
2)gastrointestinal 3)endocrine 4)nervous 5)musculoskeletal 6)respiratory 7)urinary 8)immune 9)reproductive 10)integumentary |
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What are the 4 types of biomolecule?
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1)Carbohydrates
2)Lipids 3)Nucleotides 4)Amino Acids |
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Examples of monosaccharides (covalent, polar):
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glucose
ribose fructose galactose deoxyribose |
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Examples of disaccharides(covalent, polar):
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sucrose
lactose |
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Examples of polysaccharides(covalent, polar):
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glycogen
starch cellulose |
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What is the general chemical composition of lipids?
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Carbon and hydrogen atoms linked together by nonpolar covalent bonds.
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What are the 4 kinds of lipids?
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1)Steroids
2)Phospholipids 3)Triglycerides "fat" 4)Eicosanoids |
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What is a triglyceride composed of?
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1 glycerol backbone
3 fatty acid molecules |
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What is a phospholipid composed of?
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1 glycerol backbone
2 fatty acid tail 1 phosphate and 1 other chemical group making up the head |
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What is an eicosanoid composed of?
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20-carbon fatty acid and a 5-carbon ring in the middle
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What is a steroid compose of?
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Three 6-carbon rings and one 5-carbon ring
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What are the attibutes of triglycerides?
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They make up saturated and unsaturated fats (poly and mono of each type).
Saturated have all single bonds. Unsaturated have at least one double bond. They are nonpolar. |
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What are the attributes of phospholipids?
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Form phospholipid bilayer and micelles. They are amphipathic.
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What are some examples of eicosanoids?
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prostaglandins and thromboxanes.
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What are the attributes of steroids?
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Many function as hormones. Examples:cholesterol, testosterone, estradiol, cortisol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD3.
They are slightly amphipathic. |
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What are the components of an amino acid?
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1)a central carbon
2)an amino group 3)a carboxyl group 4)a hydrogen 5)R, a residual group |
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What type of bond holds together amino acids in a protein?
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peptide bond
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What is the difference between a peptide and a polypeptide?
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peptides usually have less than 50 amino acids, polypeptides have more
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What is the primary level of protein structure?
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the sequence of amino acids, which is determined by peptide bonds within the peptide chain.
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What is the secondary level of protein structure?
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the folding pattern produced by hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen atom(amino group) and the oxygen atom (carboxyl group). Ex:Alpha helixes and Beta pleated sheets.
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What is the tertiary level of protein structure?
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folding produced by different R groups of different amino acids in the same peptide chain. Types:hydrogen, ionic, covalent, and van der Waal's forces.
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What is quaternary protein structure?
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It is only present in proteins containing more than one polypeptide chain, ex:hemoglobin
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What is a fibrous protein?
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Extended, long, elongated strands that function in structure of contraction. Ex:collagen, tropomysosin
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What is a globular protein?
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coiled, folded, irregular, bulky. It acts as a chemical messenger, receptors, carrier, proteins, enzymes, etc. Ex:myoglobin, Na+K+ pump, growth hormone.
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What is the difference between a nucleotide and a nucleic acid?
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Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides that function in the storage and expression of genetic information (DNA and RNA).
Nucleotides function in the transfer of energy within cells and they form the genetic material of cells. |
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What three parts do nucleotides contain?
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1)Carbohydrates
2)Nitrogenous Base 3)A Phosphate Group |
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Describe the nitrogenous base.
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Pyrimadine--single carbon ring
Ex:Cytosine, Thymine, and Urasil Purine--double carbon ring Ex:Adenine, Guanine |
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What are the two carbohydrates in nucleotides?
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Ribose and Deoxyribose
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What is NAD?
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nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide--transfers energy in the form of electrons
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What is FADH?
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flavin adenine dinucleotide--transfers energy in the form of electrons
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What is complementary base pairing?
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GC
AT CG TA U replaces T in RNA |
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The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened sacs called...?
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cisternae
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What three filaments make up the cytoskeleton?
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microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
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What are the functions of the microfilaments?
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1)Transport of secretory vessels
2)movement of cilia or flagella 3)distribution of chromosomes during cell division |
