Principles Of Nutrition Chapter 3

Front 1

Digestion

Back 1

The process by which food is broken down into absorbable units.

Front 2

Absorption

Back 2

The uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood or the lymph

Front 3

Gastrointestinal Tract

Back 3

The digestive tract. The principle organs are the stomach and intestines.

Front 4

Bolus

Back 4

a portion; with respect to food, the amount swallowed at one time

Front 5

Lumen

Back 5

the space within a vessel, such as the intestine

Front 6

Pharynx

Back 6

the passageway leading from the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, respectively

Front 7

Epiglottis

Back 7

cartilage in the throat that guards the entrance to the trachea and prevents fulid or food from entering it when a person swallows

Front 8

Esophagus

Back 8

the food pipe; the conduit from the mouth to the stomach

Front 9

Sphincter

Back 9

a circular muscle surrounding, and able to close, a body opening, the regulate the flow of food particles in the GI tract

Front 10

Esophageal sphincter

Back 10

a sphincter muscle at the upper or lower end of the esophagus

Front 11

stomach

Back 11

a muscular, elastic, saclike portion of the digestive tract that grinds and churns swallowed food, mixing it with acid and enzymes to form chyme

Front 12

Pyloric sphincter

Back 12

the circular muscle that separates the stomach from the small intestine and regulates the flow of partially digested food into the small intestine

Front 13

Small intestine

Back 13

a 10-foot length of small-diameter intestine that is the major site of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients. Its segments are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Front 14

Gallbladder

Back 14

the organ that stores and concentrates bile. When it receives the signal that fat is present in the duodenum, it contracts and squirts bile through the bile duct into the duodenum.

Front 15

Pancreas

Back 15

a gland that secretes digestive enzymes and juices into the duodenum. It also secretes hormones into the blood that help to maintain glucose homeostasis.

Front 16

Duodenum

Back 16

the top portion of the small intestine (about "12 fingers breadth" long in ancient terminology)

Front 17

Jejunum

Back 17

the first two-fifths of the small intestine beyond the duodenum

Front 18

ileum

Back 18

the last segment of the small intestine

Front 19

ileocecal valve

Back 19

the sphincter separating the small and large intestines

Front 20

large intestine or colon

Back 20

the lower portion of the intestine that completes the digestive process; its segments are the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon.

Front 21

appendix

Back 21

a narrow blind sac extending from the beginning of the colon that stores lymph cells

Front 22

rectum

Back 22

the muscular terminal part of the intestine, extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus

Front 23

anus

Back 23

the terminal outlet of the GI tract

Front 24

digestive system

Back 24

all the organs and glands associated with the ingestion and digestion of food

Front 25

Chyme

Back 25

the semiliquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum

Front 26

Peristalsis

Back 26

wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along

Front 27

Segmentation

Back 27

a periodic squeezing or partitioning of the intestine at intervals along its length by it circular muscles

Front 28

reflux

Back 28

a backward flow

Front 29

catalyst

Back 29

a compound that facilitates chemical reactions without itself being changed in the process

Front 30

pH

Back 30

the unit of measure expressing a substance's acidity or alkalinity

Front 31

Digestive enzymes

Back 31

proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler compounds

Front 32

-ase

Back 32

a word ending denoting an enzyme

Front 33

carbohydrase

Back 33

an enzyme that hydrolyzes carbohydrates

Front 34

lipase

Back 34

an enzyme the hydrolyzes lipids

Front 35

protease

Back 35

an enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins

Front 36

hydrolysis

Back 36

a chemical reaction in which a major reactant is split into two products, with the addition of a hydrogen atom (H) to one and a hydroxyl group (OH) to the other

Front 37

Stoools

Back 37

waste matter discharged from the colon; also called feces

Front 38

glands

Back 38

cells or groups of cells that secrete materials for special uses in the body

Front 39

Exocrine Gland

Back 39

glands that secrete materials "out" into the digestive tract or onto the surface of the skin

Front 40

Endocrine Gland

Back 40

glands that secrete their materials "in" (into the blood)

Front 41

Salivary Glands

Back 41

exocrine glands that secrete saliva into the mouth

Front 42

saliva

Back 42

the secretion of the salivary glands, its principal enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion

Front 43

Gastric glands

Back 43

exocrine glands in the stomach wall that secrete gastric juice into the stomach

Front 44

Gastric Juice

Back 44

the digestive secretion of the gastric glands of the stomach

Front 45

Hydrochloric acid

Back 45

an acid composed of hydrogen and chloride atoms (HCl) that is normally produces by the gastric glands

Front 46

Mucus

Back 46

a slippery substance secreted by cells of the GI lining (and other body linings) that protects the cells from exposure to digestive juices (and other destructive agents)

Front 47

Liver

Back 47

The organ that manufactures bile

Front 48

Bile

Back 48

An emulsifier that prepares fats and oils for digestion; an exocrine secretion made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine when needed.

Front 49

Emulsifier

Back 49

a substance with both water-soluble and fat-soluble portions that promotes the mixing of oils and fats in a watery solution

Front 50

Pancreatic Juice

Back 50

the exocrine secretion of the pancreas, containing enzymes for the digestion of carbohydrate, fat, and protein as well as bicarbonate, a neutralizing agent

Front 51

bicarbonate

Back 51

an alkaline compound with the formula HCO3 that is secreted form the pancreas as part of the pancreatic juice

Front 52

Villi

Back 52

fingerlike projections from the folds of the small intestine

Front 53

Microvilli

Back 53

tiny, hairlike projections on each cell of every villus that can trap nutrient particles and transport them into the cells

Front 54

Cypts

Back 54

tubular glands that lie between the intestinal villi and secrete intestinal juices into the small intestine

Front 55

goblet cells

Back 55

cells of the GI tract (and lungs) that secrete mucus

Front 56

Aorta

Back 56

the large, primary artery that conducts blood from the heart to the body's smaller arteries

Front 57

Arteries

Back 57

vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues

Front 58

Capillaries

Back 58

small vessels that branch from an artery and connect arteries to veins. Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials takes place across their walls

Front 59

Veins

Back 59

vessels that carry blood to the heart

Front 60

Hepatic portal vein

Back 60

the vein that collects blood from the GI tract and conducts it to capillaries in the liver

Front 61

Hepatic Vein

Back 61

the vein that collects blood from the liver capillaries and returns it to the heart

Front 62

Lymphatic System

Back 62

a loosely organized system of vessels and ducts that convey fluids toward the heart. The GI part of this system carries the products of fat digestion into the bloodstream

Front 63

Lymph

Back 63

a clear yellowish fluid that is similar to blood except that it contains no red blood cells or platelets.

Front 64

Thoracic Duct

Back 64

the main lymphatic vessel that collects lymph and drains into the left subclavian vein

Front 65

Yogurt

Back 65

milk product that results from the fermentation of lactic acid in milk by lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus

Front 66

Probiotic

Back 66

living microorganisms found in food that, when consumed in sufficient quantities, are beneficial to health

Front 67

Homeostasis

Back 67

the maintenance of constant internal conditions (such as blood chemistry, temperature, and blood pressure) by the body's control systems

Front 68

Hormones

Back 68

chemical messengers

Front 69

Gastrin

Back 69

a hormone secreted by cells in the stomach wall. Target organ: the glands of the stomach. Response: secretion of gastric acid

Front 70

Secretin

Back 70

a hormone produced by cells in the duodenum wall. Target organ: the pancreas. Response: secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice

Front 71

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Back 71

a hormone produced by cells of the intestinal well. Target organ: the gallbladder. Response: release of bile and slowing of GI motility

Front 72

Name the primary GI hormones

Back 72

1) Gastrin
2) Secretin
3) Cholecystokinin

Front 73

Which GI hormone is secreted from the stomach wall?

Back 73

Gastrin

Front 74

Which GI hormone responds to food in the stomach?

Back 74

Gastrin

Front 75

Which GI hormone responds to acidic chyme in the small intestine?

Back 75

secretin

Front 76

Which GI hormone responds to fat or protein in the small intestine?

Back 76

cholecystokinin

Front 77

Which GI hormone stimulates stomach glands?

Back 77

gastrin

Front 78

Which GI hormone stimulates the pancreas

Back 78

secretin

Front 79

Which GI hormone stimulates the gallblader

Back 79

cholecystokinin

Front 80

Which GI hormone causes hydrochloric acid to be secreted into the stomach?

Back 80

gastrin

Front 81

Which GI hormone causes bicarbonate rich juices to be secreted into the small intestine?

Back 81

secretin

Front 82

Which GI hormone causes bile to be secreted in the duodenum

Back 82

cholecystokinin