Principles Of Nutrition Chapter 16

Front 1

How many kcal/pound of body weight does an infant need compared to an adult?

Back 1

Infants: 45 kcal/lb
Adults: <18 kcal/lb

Front 2

Compared to an adult, which nutrients are needed in greater quantities?

Back 2

Vitamin D, Iodine, Vitamins A, C, E

Front 3

Alpha-lactalbumin

Back 3

a major protein in human breast milk

Front 4

Casein

Back 4

a major protein in cow's milk

Front 5

Colostrum

Back 5

a milk-like secretion from the breast, present during the first day or so after delivery before milk appears; rich in protective factors

Front 6

Bifidus Factors

Back 6

factors in colostrum and breast milk that favor the growth of 'friendly' bacterium in the infant's intestinal tract, so other less desirable intestinal inhabitants will not flourish

Front 7

Lactoferrin

Back 7

a protein in breast milk that binds iron and keeps it from supporting the growth of the infant's intestinal bacteria

Front 8

Lactadherin

Back 8

a protein in breast milk that attacks diarrhea-causing viruses

Front 9

Breast Milk Bank

Back 9

a service that collects, screens, processes, and distributes donated human milk

Front 10

Wean

Back 10

replace breast milk with infant formula or other foods appropriate to an infant's diet

Front 11

How many kcal/pound of body weight does an infant need compared to an adult?

Back 11

Infants: 45 kcal/lb
Adults: <18 kcal/lb

Front 12

Compared to an adult, which nutrients are needed in greater quantities?

Back 12

Vitamin D, Iodine, Vitamins A, C, E

Front 13

Alpha-lactalbumin

Back 13

a major protein in human breast milk

Front 14

Casein

Back 14

a major protein in cow's milk

Front 15

Colostrum

Back 15

a milk-like secretion from the breast, present during the first day or so after delivery before milk appears; rich in protective factors

Front 16

Bifidus Factors

Back 16

factors in colostrum and breast milk that favor the growth of 'friendly' bacterium in the infant's intestinal tract, so other less desirable intestinal inhabitants will not flourish

Front 17

Lactoferrin

Back 17

a protein in breast milk that binds iron and keeps it from supporting the growth of the infant's intestinal bacteria

Front 18

Lactadherin

Back 18

a protein in breast milk that attacks diarrhea-causing viruses

Front 19

Breast Milk Bank

Back 19

a service that collects, screens, processes, and distributes donated human milk

Front 20

Wean

Back 20

replace breast milk with infant formula or other foods appropriate to an infant's diet

Front 21

hypoallergenic formula

Back 21

clinically tested infant formulas that support infant growth and development but do not provoke reactions in 90% of infants or children with confirmed cow's milk allergy

Front 22

nursing bottle tooth decay

Back 22

extensive tooth decay due to prolonged tooth contact with formula, milk, fruit juice, or other carbohydrate-rich liquid offered to an infant in a bottle

Front 23

Botulism

Back 23

an often fatal foodborne illness caused by the ingestion of foods containing a toxin produced by bacteria that grow without oxygen

Front 24

milk anemia

Back 24

iron-deficiency anemia that develops when an excessive milk intake displaces iron-rich foods form the diet

Front 25

Hyperactivity

Back 25

inattentive and impulsive behavior that is more frequent and sever than is typical of others similar age

Front 26

food allergy

Back 26

an adverse reaction to food that involves an immune response

Front 27

anaphylactic shock

Back 27

a life-threatening, whole-body allergic reaction to an offending substance

Front 28

adverse reactions

Back 28

unusual responses to food (including intolerances and allergies)

Front 29

food intolerances

Back 29

adverse reaction to foods that do not involve the immune system

Front 30

tolerance level

Back 30

the maximum amount of residue permitted in a food when a pesticide is used according to the label directions

Front 31

gatekeepers

Back 31

with respect to nutrition, key people who control other people's access to foods and thereby exert profound impacts on their nutrition. examples are the spouse who buys and cooks the food, the parent who feeds the children, and the caregiver in a day-care center

Front 32

Adolescence

Back 32

the period from the beginning of puberty until maturity

Front 33

puberty

Back 33

the period in life in which a person becomes physically capable of reproduction

Front 34

What is the composition of breast milk with respect to carbohydrates, protein, and fat?

Back 34

6% protein
55% fat
39% carbohydrates

Front 35

What makes breast milk unique in its composition of nutrients?

Back 35

1) highly digestible protein, easy on the infant's immature kidneys
2) high in essential fatty acids, which is important in the retina of the eye and the brain
3) low in vitamin D so infants need sun exposure to make up
4) highly bioavailable minerals
5) supplemental K (injected at birth), D, iron, and fluoride may be needed for infants on breast milk
diets
6) contains antibodies, bifidous factors, lactorferrin to increase iron absorption, andlactadherin

Front 36

What are some risks of formula feeding infants?

Back 36

1) they contain no antibodies
2) water quality (lead-containing water)
3) poverty stricken mothers may water formula down

Front 37

At what age may cow's milk be introduced?

Back 37

Not until after 1 year and must be whole milk (not reduced fat milk) until after 2-5 years

Front 38

Why is it inappropriate to feed infants solid foods during the first few months of life?

Back 38

1) strong extrusion reflex to push food out
2) unable to chew, swallow and digest foods - physiologically not ready for solid foods
3) nutritional needs can be met entirely by milk
4) allergies are common at a young age

Front 39

At what age should solid foods be introduced?

Back 39

4-6 months

Front 40

What foods are inappropriate for infants?

Back 40

1) concentrated sweets or baby food desserts - they convey no nutrients to support growth
2) products with sugar alcohols, such as sorbitol - can cause diarrhea
3) canned vegetables - high in sodium
4) Honey & corn syrup - risk of botulism
5) choking hazards

Front 41

Describe a true food allergy.

Back 41

fractions of a food protein or other large molecule are absorbed into the blood and elicit an immunological response. The body reacts to these large food molecules as it does other antigens and produced antibodies, histamines, or other defense agents

Front 42

What are some strategies to treat or prevent childhood obesity?

Back 42

1) serve family meals that reflect kcal control both in foods offered and in the ways they are prepared
2) involve children in shopping for food and preparing meals
3) encourage children to eat only when they are hungry, eat slowly, enjoy their table companions, and stop eating when full
4) teach them how to select nutrient-dense foods and serve appropriate portions
5) limit foods high in saturated and trans fats and sugars
6) never force a child to clean their plate
7) plan for snack times and provide a variety of nutrition snacks
8) discourage eating while watching TV

Front 43

What nutritional changes should occur in the diet of a child hitting puberty?

Back 43

1) increased energy requirements for rapid growth
2) increased iron needs - girls for menstruation, boys for lean body mass
3) Calcium for bone growth

Front 44

What eating habits affect adolescents nutrition?

Back 44

1) snacks make up 1/4 of a teens daily food energy intake
2) soft drinks replace fruit juice and milk
3) eating away from home
4) peer influence

Front 45

Why can dehydration can develop quickly in infants?

Back 45

much of their body water is extracellular