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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oxidation vs. Reduction |
Lose Electrons Oxidation
Gain Electrons Reduction |
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ATP Homeostasis vs. Metabolic Homeostatis |
ATP homeostasis: a state of balance between the amount of ATP needed to carry out life sustaining metabolic processes and the amount of ATP being produced by overall
Metabolic Homeostasis: a state of balance between the substrates and products of all metabolic pathways that maintains very specific conditions needed to support life (blood pH, temperature, etc.) |
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Anabolism vs. Catabolism |
Anabolism: - synthesis of new compounds - requires energy input (ATP) - involves a reduction rxn (gain of e⁻)
Catabolism: - degradation of products for energy - loss of energy to heat - involves an oxidation rxn (loss of e⁻) |
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Electron Donor vs. Electron Acceptor |
Electron donors are capable of being oxidized - examples include NADH, NADPH, FADH₂
Electron acceptors are capable of being reduced - examples include NAD⁺, NADP⁺, FAD |
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List Metabolic Fuels (Sources of ATP) |
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Amino Acids
Alcohol |
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Identify the Metabolic Role of Glycolysis |
Converts one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules
Produces two net ATP molecules in the process |
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Identify the Metabolic Role of the Citric Acid (TCA) cycle |
Uses a series of redox reactions and coenzymes to produce the electron donors NADH (3 molecules) and FADH₂ (1 molecule), CO₂ (2 molecules) and GTP (1 molecule) |
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Identify the Metabolic Role of Oxidative Phosphorylation (OxPhos) |
Produces large amounts of ATP and heat in the mitochondria by passing electrons along a series complexes and establishing a proton gradient that can be utilized to do work or create heat |
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Identify the Metabolic Role of Oxidation of Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies |
Both are oxidized to acetyl CoA which can then feed into the TCA to allow OxPhos to continue
β-oxidation of fatty acids also yields NADH and FADH₂ molecules which can feed into the ETC |
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Outline how metabolic pathways are regulated |
Regulation can take place at the level of... 1. Enzymes (levels & activity) 2. Substrate (availability) 3. Subcellular localization (ETC in mitochondria)
Both product and feedback inhibition are common
Regulation is often tissue specific (eg. liver vs. RBC, vs. neuron) |
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Contrast metabolic pathways during the fed state and the fasting state |
Fed State: - oxidation of dietary fuels - synthesis of FAs and Glycogen - increase in VLDL & chylomicrons - storage of TAG - sythesis of proteins from AAs
Fasting State: - mobilization of TAG and FAs for degradation - degradation of glycogen - gluconeogenesis - degradation of proteins - formation of ketone bodies |
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List the major hormones regulating metabolism and their function |
Insulin - secreted after a high carb meal - promotes glucose uptake into cell - inhibits the release of glucagon
Glucagon - secreted when blood glucose levels drop - promotes glycogenolysis in the liver - promotes gluconeogenesis as well
Epinephrine & Cortisol - used to increase blood glucose levels - promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis |
