Principles Of Health And Fitness (Exam 3)

Front 1

Prevalence of CVD

Back 1

-leading cause of death in the US and world
-about 40% of all death

Front 2

Coronary Artery Disease

Back 2

-narrowing of coronary arteries because of plaque
-results in ischemia
-can lead to MI and angina

Front 3

Stroke

Back 3

-an interruption in blood flow in the brain
Ischemic - most common, clot blocks vessel
Hemorrhagic - rupture of vessel

Front 4

Atherosclerosis

Back 4

-immune response to damage of a vessel form foam cells
-the foam cells rupture and deposit cholesterol
-hard cover forms over plaque

Front 5

Hypertension

Back 5

-no known direct cause
-related to age, obesity, inactivity, salt intake, kidney function, and atherosclerosis

Front 6

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Back 6

-narrowing of arteries outside the heart and brain
-wounds can't heal properly

Front 7

Congestive Heart Failure

Back 7

-heart becomes too weak to pump blood properly
-end stage of CVD
-mortality rate is high

Front 8

Risk Factors for CVD

Back 8

-family history -smoking
-inactivity -impaired fasting glucose
-hyperlipidemia - hypertension
-obesity

Front 9

Exercise Effect on Lipid Profiles

Back 9

-increased lipolysis
-increased HDL levels
-LDL are broken down to replenish energy stores

Front 10

Exercise Effect of Blood Pressure

Back 10

-BP is reduced following exercise
-BP is increased during exercise

Front 11

Exercise Effect on Obesity

Back 11

-body uses energy from fat after exercise
-puts you in negative energy balance

Front 12

How does exercise reduce risk of CAD

Back 12

-decrease BP -decreased LDL, increased HDL
-decrease systemic inflammation
-improved endothelial function
-decrease myocardial workload

Front 13

How does exercise reduce risk of stroke?

Back 13

-decreased BP
-decreased LDL, Increased HDL
-decreased systemic inflammation
-improved endothelial function

Front 14

How does exercise reduce risk of hypertension?

Back 14

-increased vessel size
-decreased sympathetic NS output
-decreased atherosclerosis

Front 15

How does exercise reduce risk of PVD?

Back 15

-reduced risk of hypertension and diabetes which are risks for PVD

Front 16

Diagnosis of CVD with exercise testing

Back 16

-ST segment depression on EKG
-failure to reach 85% of APMHR
-low VO2 Max
-chest pain
-these indicate symptoms of CVD

Front 17

Testing following a MI

Back 17

-submaximal tests are performed 4-6 days after discharge
-2 weeks post you can move to symptom limited tests

Front 18

Test results indicating a poor prognosis

Back 18

-ST depression at low exercise levels
-VO2 Max less than 5 METS
-hypotensive

Front 19

Measures made during testing

Back 19

-EKG
-HR
-BP
-Signs and Symptoms
-RPE

Front 20

Should we exercise patients with CVD?

Back 20

-YES!!
-guidelines are similar to normal population just lower intensity

Front 21

Phase 1 of Cardiac Rehab

Back 21

-begins 1-3 days after procedure or MI
-standing and sitting
-walking around

Front 22

Phase 2 of Cardiac Rehab

Back 22

-12 week exercise program in hospital
-monitored by EKG and other things

Front 23

Phase 3 of Cardiac Rehab

Back 23

-unmonitored exercise program

Front 24

Phase 4 of Cardiac Rehab

Back 24

-maintenance phase in a non-hospital setting

Front 25

Diabetes

Back 25

-characterized by an inability to produce or use insulin properly
Type 1 - insufficient insulin
Type 2 - tissues don't respond to insulin

Front 26

Insulin Dynamics

Back 26

-insulin binds to receptor
-signals a protein called GLUT 4 to be placed on the plasma membrane
-GLUT 4 brings glucose into cell

Front 27

Glucose Tolerance

Back 27

-ability to clear glucose in a certain time

Front 28

Insulin Sensitivity

Back 28

-amount of glucose moved into cell for a given amount of insulin
-high sensitivity = more glucose

Front 29

Risk for Type 1 Diabetes

Back 29

-genetic
-typically immune mediated

Front 30

Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

Back 30

-genetics -obesity
-high visceral fat - age
-inactivity -hypertension
-dyslipidemia

Front 31

Acute Symptoms of Diabetes

Back 31

-hyper or hypo glycemia

Front 32

Chronic Symptoms of Diabetes

Back 32

-blindness
Macrovascular - CAD, PVD
Microvascular - nephro and retinopathy
-Neuropathy - pain or numbness in limbs

Front 33

Exercise and Insulin

Back 33

-improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity

Front 34

Exercise on Risk Factors for Diabetes

Back 34

-improve obesity
-improve BP
-improve LDL and HDL levels

Front 35

How does exercise improve insulin sensitivity?

Back 35

-increase GLUT 4
-increase muscle mass

Front 36

Is Exercise Testing necessary for Diabetics?

Back 36

-yes for moderate and vigorous exercise
-not for low intensity exercise

Front 37

Exercise Prescription for Type 1 Diabetics

Back 37

-check blood glucose before and after
-avoid hypoglycemia

Front 38

Avoiding Exercise-Induced Hypoglycemia

Back 38

-measure glucose right after exercise
-reduce insulin dose on exercise days
-consume carbs after exercise

Front 39

Exercise Prescription for Type 2 Diabetics

Back 39

-expend 1000 calories per week in aerobic activity
-moderate and vigorous exercise is acceptable for most
-increased muscle mass assists with glucose control

Front 40

Symptom vs Sign

Back 40

Symptom - personal feeling (pain)
Sign - observable (decreased VO2 Max)

Front 41

Age and VO2 Max

Back 41

-decreased MAX HR because decreased CNS activity
-decreased stroke volume
-decreased CO
-decreased circulation
-decreased aerobic capacity

Front 42

Age and Strength

Back 42

-after age 50, strength decreased 15% per decade
-number and size of fibers decrease
-decrease muscle mass
-nervous system slows
-% of slow twitch fibers increases

Front 43

Age and Muscle Mass

Back 43

-progressive loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia)
-resistance exercise can help this
-increasing strength and mas can improve function status, independence, and quality of life

Front 44

Age and Body Composition

Back 44

-body fat increases because of decreased activity and reduced ability to mobilize fat
-fat free mass decreases because less activity, muscle mas, and bone mineral density

Front 45

Benefits of Exercise in Elderly

Back 45

-improved cardiovascular function
-improved insulin sensitivity
-reduce risk of falls
-maintenance of joint function

Front 46

Benefits of Resistance Training in Elderly

Back 46

-maintain strength -reduce risk of falls
-maintain fat-free mass -weight control
-increased bone density -improved functionality

Front 47

Bone Density with Age

Back 47

-decreases at similar rate as muscle mass
-resistance training are essential for osteoporosis
-attain bone mass early in life to prevent bone loss