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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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defined as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally and is prevalent in developed and developing countries
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Infectious diseases
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This is the 8th leading cause of death in 2004
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Pneumonia-influenza
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This is the leading cause of death of children and young adults world-wide
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infections
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______ associated with infectious agents
-cervical, some liver cancers, bladder cancer |
cancer
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- Tb, salmonellosis, streptococcal infections
-growing emergence: resistant strains of antibiotics |
bacterial diseases
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-viral hepatitis A, herpes simplex, influenza, viral meningitis (septic meningitis)
-Rickettsial agents: Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and rickettsial pox |
Viruses and rickettsia
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-San Joaquin Valley fever (endemic mycosis-also called coccidioidomycosis), blastomycosis, ringworm, athleates foot
-Opportunistic mycoses (threaten immunocomprised patients) candidiasis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis |
Fungi
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defined as the capacity to enter and multiply in susceptible host and produce infection or disease
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infectivity
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How is infectivity measured?
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Secondary attack rate
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What are some examples of a host that has high infectivity
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measles and polio
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defined as capacity to cause disease in infected host
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pathogenicity
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What does pathogenicity measure and what are some examples of high and low pathogenicity
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It measures the proportion of infected with clinically apparetn disease. Measles have high pathogenicity while polio has low pathogenicity
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Defined as the severity of disease (severe clinical manifestations produced)
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Virulence
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what does virulence measure and what is an example of this?
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Proportion of total cases that are severe and if it is fatal it is measured by the case fatality rate. Rabies virus
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This is defined as the capacity to produce a toxiin or poison
- toxin produced by microorganism (not microorganism itself) - botulism, shellfish poisoning |
toxigenicity
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Defined as the ability to surveve adverse environmental conditions. What is remarkably resistant
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resistance; coccidioimycosis
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Defined as the ability to induce antibody production in host
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antigenicity
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defined as the infection's ability to produce specific immunity
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immunogenicity
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This is defined as the organism causing host's immune system to create antibodies against disease
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active defense mechanism
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defined as performed antibody administered to recipient
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pass defense mechanism
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Defined as long-term immunity (natural immunity) because of naturally acquired infection
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natural, active defense mechanism
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defined as vaccine induced immunity from injection with vaccine that stimulates antibody production in host
-all or part of microorganism or modified part of that microorganism administered -invokes immunologic response -mimics infection but presents little or no risk |
Artificial, active defense mechanism
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Defined as performed antibodies during pregnancy
-transferred accross placenta to fetal bloodstream -produces short-term immunity in newborn |
Natural, passive defense mechanism
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defined as preformed antibodies against specific disease administered to exposed individual
-confers protection against disease -example: prophylaxis against hepatitis for at-risk individual |
Artificial, passive defense mechanism
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______ ______: person-to-person contact
-sexually transmitted diseases -influenza -acute respiratory infection |
Direct Transmission
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defined by not yet penetrated the clinical horizon (no clinically obvious symptoms
- can transmit to other susceptible hosts -can detect by serologic evidence (antibody levels and enzyme response) |
Subclinical
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Defined by the time between exposure to agent and first signs or symptoms
-infectious organism replicates within host -often fixed period of hrs, days, or weeks -can help detrmine the etiologic agent |
Incubation period
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Defined as the immunity of a population, group, or community against an infectious disease
-Large proportion of individuals are immune (vaccinations or past infections) -Can occur when immune persons prevent spread to unimmunized persons examples: Rubella herd immunity may require 85% to 90% of community residents are immune -diphteria may be only 70% |
Herd immunity
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defined as an inanimate object laden with disease causing agents (doorknob or clothing)
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fomite
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Defined as presence of living infectious agent in or on inanimate object
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contamination
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defined as an animate, living insect or animal involved with transmission of agent
-Arthropod (flies, mosquitos) sometimes form component of life cycle of agent -Anopheles-malaria (plasmodium vivax) |
Vector
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