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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Defined as the absolute difference in disease frequency in exposed and unexposed
-difference measure of association, attributable risk -may be based on incidence rates, cumulative incidence, prevalence, or mortality |
absolute effect
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Ie=
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incidence rate of disease in exposed group
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Ine=
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incidence rate of disease in unexposed group
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Risk difference =
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Ie-Ine
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When measure of disease frequency is cumulative incidence use ...
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risk difference
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When incidence density measures are used use..
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rate difference
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defined as the measure of benifit to population derived by modifying a risk factor
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population risk difference
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in population risk difference
Ip = |
overall incidence rate of disease in population
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in population risk difference
Pe= |
proportion of population exposed
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In population risk difference
Pne= |
proportion of population not exposed
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in population risk difference
Ie= |
exposed group
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In population risk difference
Ine= |
nonexposed group (reference group)
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In population risk difference, relationship among exposed and unexposed variables are represented by the equation...
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Ip= (Ie)(Pe) + (Ine)(Pne)
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defined as the difference between the rate (risk) of disease in the nonexposed segment of population (Ine) and the overall rate (Ip)
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population risk difference
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Defined as the risk in exposed minus risk in nonexposed
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Risk difference
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Risk in population -risk in nonexposed subset of population
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population risk difference
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RR provides estimate of magnitude of association between _____ and _____ (ratio)
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exposure; disease
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RR=
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Ie/Ine
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Rate ratio can also be described as ..
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relative effect
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Defined as the proportion of rate in exposed group due to exposure
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etiologic fraction
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-estimation of effects due to single exposure factor
-Also called: attributable proportion, attributable fraction -Can be estimated by two formulas -generally Low RR = low etiologic fraction and High RR= high etiologic fraction |
Etiologic fraction
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Applicable to data from cohort or cross-sectional studies (Ie-Ine)/Ie is 1 formula to calculate ..
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etiologic fraction
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Applicable when only summary measures are available or applicable to data from case-control studies: (RR-1)/RR
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Etiologic fraction
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-Probability that findings observed could have occured by chance alone (actually, that test statistic for these data could have occured by chance alone)
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Pvalue
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-computed interval of values that, with a given probability, contains the true value of the population parameter.
-degree of confidence stated as percentage; usually 95% CI -influenced by variability in data and the sample size |
confidence interval
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defined as an act, event, or state of nature that initiates or permits, alone or in conjuction with other causes a sequence of events resulting in an effect
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cause
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-Models of causality
-"requirement that more than one factor be present for disease to develop is referred to as multiple causation or multifactorial etiology |
Multiple causality
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This explains the occurence of disease outbreaks institutionally and within the community
-Recognizes thre major factors in pathogenesis of disease: agent, environment, and host -Current etiology view involves multivariate causality -a fundemental public health conception of disease causality |
Epidemiologic triangle
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" .. metaphor for the complex, multifactorial causation of disease, such as coronary heart disease."
-Implicates broad classes of events and represents an incomplete portrayal of reality |
Web of causation
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this model involves multiple causality
-environmental compenents include biologic, social, and physical -deemphasizes specific agent factors -differentiates between host and environmental factors in disease causation -example: childhood lead poisoning |
Wheel model
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This model reflects a sufficient cause, disease may be caused by more than one causal mechanism
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Causal pie model
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Set of minimal conditions and events that inevitably produce disease
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causal mechanism
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What is this an example of?
-Lung cancer causal mechanisms (3 sufficient causes of disease) -smoking -exposure to ionizing radiation -inhalation of carcinogenic solvents in workplace |
Causal Pie Model
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