Principles Of Epidemiology

Front 1

Why population data?

Back 1

Allows generalization beyond group studied and it is needed for statistical inference such as estimating parameters of health, morbidity, and mortality

Front 2

Need large numbers of at-risk individuals for ____ frequency diseases

Back 2

low

Front 3

Epi research needs _____ data sets

Back 3

large

Front 4

What are the 4 criteria for quality and utility of epi data?

Back 4

1.) Nature of Data
2.) Availablity of data
3.) Completeness of population coverage (representativeness and thoroughness)
4. Strengths vs. limitations

Front 5

What are the five sources of epi?

Back 5

1) vital statistics
2.) case registries
3.) Physicians records
4.) surveys of general population
5.) Hospital and clinic cases

Front 6

_____ ____ _______ affects possible types of statistical analyses and inferences

Back 6

nature of data

Front 7

Which of the four criteria for quality and utility of epi data is being described?
* Relates to investigator's access
-Medical records and data with personal identifiers (requires releases from individual patients)
-Data with personal identifiers/characteristics stripped
* population surveys available from government and research organizations and data tapes, compact disks, internet
*Perturbed data (released by some organizations) are responsible for identifying characteristics modified to protect individual's privacy

Back 7

Availability of data

Front 8

Which of the four criteria for quality and utility of epi data is being described?
*Generalizability of data:
-clearly defined population based or
-unspecified mixture of diff populations
-representative of target study population?
-Omissions? This may include major subdivisions of population such as low socioeconomic stats individuals and minority groups

Back 8

Representativeness or external validity

Front 9

Which of the four criteria for quality and utility of epi data is being described?
* All cases of particular health phenomenon included?
-subclinical cases?
-only sever cases (usually come to authorities' attention)
-Likely substantial numbers of unreported cases?

Back 9

Thoroughness

Front 10

Which of the four criteria for quality and utility of epi data is being described?
-Dictates utility of data for particular epi research including mortality investigation, infectious disease outbreaks, chronic disease incidence.
-Overlaps with "completeness of population Coverage" criterion

Back 10

Strengths vs limitations

Front 11

What can the criteria of quality and utility epi data be applied to?

Back 11

Evaluation of published epidemiologic research

Front 12

These are used as starting points for descriptive/analytical epi studies
-gives info on basic facts relating to distribution of disease
-They can be accessed from library, office, home, or other

Back 12

Computerized bibliographic databases

Front 13

Bibliographic citations on health problem obtained from:

Back 13

-index medicus
-psychological abstracts
-sociological abstracts
-education index

Front 14

What are the three online databases?

Back 14

MEDLINE, TOXLINE, DIALOG

Front 15

What is Ehlers-danlos syndrome? And what was the solution?

Back 15

A platelet aggregation defect segregated concordantly with skin and joint abnormalities. Fibronectin fixed this problem

Front 16

-contains any personally identifiable features about a living individual
-Information about whether individual participated in study
-Information that would identify deceased individual

Back 16

Confidential data

Front 17

-individual confidential records maintained by federal agencies or contractors without permission of individual

Back 17

Privacy act of 1974

Front 18

This act protects individually identifiable health information

Back 18

Health insurance portability and accountability act of 1996

Front 19

Voluntary release of info by one investigator or institution to another for purposes of scientific research
-may enhance research outcome
-primary investigator may lose control over his/her intellectual property

Back 19

data sharing

Front 20

Joining data from two or more sources such as employment data and mortality data is known as ...

Back 20

record linkage

Front 21

____ ______ may facilitate research
-maternal and child concerns
-chronic disease tracking
-natural history of specific diseases

Back 21

record linkage

Front 22

This entails a funeral director with an attending physician (date and cause of death) (coroner or medical examiner). There maybe multiple causes and an unclear cause in older individuals. May be arbitrary
Local registrar---State registrar--> national center for Health statistics

Back 22

Death certificate

Front 23

This group compiles and publishes national mortality rates (vital statistics of the united states)

Back 23

NCHS

Front 24

A ________ reviews death certificate and codes info for compilation, errors in coding possible

Back 24

nosologist

Front 25

In 1900, this agency was introduced and replaced by world health organization took over after WWII.

Back 25

International classification of Diseases

Front 26

in 1948 how many revision of ICD were we at?

Back 26

6th

Front 27

Today, what revision of ICD are we at?

Back 27

10th

Front 28

-Certificate of birth and fetal death
-nearly complete
-used for epi studies of environmentally caused birth defect clusters

Back 28

Birth statistics

Front 29

-Public health surveillance
-Reportable and notifiable diseases
-Healthcare providers--> local health departments--> state health departments--> centers for disease control
-CDC reports internationally quarantinable disease to WHO such as plague, cholera, yellow fever

Back 29

Reportable disease statistics

Front 30

-this group tracks a few diseases of interest such as salmonellosis, shigellosis and influenza which is monitored from october through may

Back 30

CDC surveillance

Front 31

What are the four information sources of CDC surveillance?

Back 31

U.S. laboratories, moratlity reports from 121 us cities, sentinel physicians (150 family practice physicians), state epidemiologists

Front 32

This describes what aspect of reportable disease statistics?
*Incompleteness of population coverage:
-case may not seek medical attention and is classified as asymptomatic or subclinical cases
-Occasional failure of physicians/providers to report things such as change in requirements, MD-patient confidentiality, widespread and usual diseases underreported such as streptococcal pharyngitis, and sever/unusual diseases usually reported (diphtheria).

Back 32

Deficiencies

Front 33

What is the purpose of screening surveys?

Back 33

To identify persons with infectious or chronic diseases

Front 34

Large corporations and companies may use this type of screening method entailing more than one screens

Back 34

multiphasic screening

Front 35

What are the results of screening surveys?

Back 35

Early detection of health problems, Complication from chronic diseases reduced, employee life extended, data utilized by epidemiology

Front 36

These are centralized databases for collection of information about a specific disease especially cancer

Back 36

disease registries

Front 37

This uses scientifically designed surveys of representative sample of a population and their goal is to gather more comprehensive information than routinely collected

Back 37

Morbidity Surveys of General population

Front 38

What are the three different programs by NCHS?

Back 38

NHANES 1 (national health and nutrition examination survey)
NHANES 2
HHANES (hispanic health and nutrition examination survey)

Front 39

This provides baseline measurements on characteristics not available for a defined population such as physical, physiologic, psychologic

Back 39

Health examination survey

Front 40

This type of data:
-Statistics from:
-social security
-health insurance
-life insurance

Back 40

Insurance data

Front 41

this type of data:
-hospitals implementing electronic health records--> data incorporated into electronic databases
-permits sharing of information among providers
-contributes to population health research

Back 41

Hospital data (inpatient and outpatient)