Principles Of Disease And Epidemiology

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35-37 C

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Incubation temperature

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Permanent

Transient

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2 Types of Normal Microbiota

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Bacteriocins

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Proteins produced by E. Coli in the large intestines

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Asymptomatic Infection

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Never manifests any signs and symptoms

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Acute diseas

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Fast onset, short duration

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Latent disease

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With signs and symptoms at first

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Chronic disease

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Slow onset, long duration

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Nosocomial Infections

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Hospital acquired infections

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Aseptic techniques

Careful handling of contaminated material

Frequent handwashing

Work with infection control committee

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Prevention of nosocomial infections (4)

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False

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T/F

All infectious diseases are communicable

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True

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T/F

All communicable diseases are infectious

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True

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T/F

Opportunistic infections are non-communicable

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True

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T/F

Opportunistic infections can be secondary infections

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Incubation period

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Entry of pathogens, no s/sx

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Prodromal period

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Vague, general symptoms

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Illness

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Most severe signs and symptoms

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Decline

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Declining signs and symptoms

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Convalescence

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No signs and symptoms

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Ear

Eye conjunctiva

Nose

Mouth

Placenta

Vagina/Penis

Urethra

Anus

Broken skin

Insect bite

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Portals of entry (10)

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Unbroken skin

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Important defense and almost impenetrable by most microorganisms

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Infectious Dose

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Quantity of pathogen necessary to cause infection

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Adherence

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Pathogen binds ro host cell usually via receptors

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Virulent

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Degree of pathogenicity that can cause diseases

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Capsules

Cell wall components

Enzymes

Toxins

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Virulence factors (4)

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Hemolysins

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Enzyme causing dissolution of RBC

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Coagulase

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Enzyme causing coagulation or formation of fibrinogen

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Hyaluronidase

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Enzyme that lowers viscosity of hyaluronic acid

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Collagenase

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Enzyme that decomposes collagen

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Direct damage

Toxin production

Induction of hypersensitivity reactions

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Basic Mechanism of bacterial pathogenicity (3)

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Excretion of enzymes

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How pathogen penetrates host cells

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Endotoxins

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Toxins that are structural components of bacterial cell wall

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Exotoxins

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Toxins that are product of the bacterium

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Exotoxin

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Produced mostly by gram (+) bacteria as part of growth and metabolism

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Destroy particular parts of host cell

Inhibit certain metavolic functions

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MOA of exotoxins (2)

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Cytotoxins

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Toxins affecting the cell or tissues

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Neurotoxins

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Toxins affecting the CNS

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Enterotoxins

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Toxins affecting the intestines

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Corynebacterium diptheriae

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Produces diptheria toxin

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Diptheria toxin

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Cytotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis

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Erythrogenic toxin

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Cytotoxin that cause red skin rash

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Streptococcus pyogenes

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Produces erythrogenic toxin

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Botulinum toxin

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Neurotoxin that affects neuromuscular junction

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Clostridium botulinum

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Produces botulinum toxin

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Tetanus toxin

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Neurotoxin that binds to nerve cells that control muscle contraction

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Clostridium tetani

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Produces teranus toxin

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Vibrio enterotoxin

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Cholera toxin that causes severe diarrhea

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Vibrio cholerae

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Produces vibrio toxin

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Staphylococcal enterotoxin

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Toxin that most commonly causes food poisoning

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Staphyloccocus aureus

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Produces staphylococcal enterotoxin

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Endotoxins

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Part of the outer portion of gram (-) bacterial cell wall

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Membrane filtration

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Removal of endotoxins

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Antigenic shift

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Sudden, major changes in antigenic structure

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Antigenic drift

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Minor changes in the antigenic structure

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Natural Passive Immunity

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Maternal antibodies acquired in utero and in colostrum

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Natural Active Immunity

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Response to entry of a live pathogen into the body

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Artificial Active Immunity

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Acquired in response to vaccines

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Artificial Passive Immunity

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Anti serum and gamma globulins containing antibodies

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Vaccines

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Materials that can artificially induce immunity to diseases usually by injection

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-Have enough antigen

-Contain antigen from all strains

-Few or no side effects

-Does not cause disease

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Characteristics of an Ideal Vaccine (4)

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Attenuated Vaccine

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Contains live but weakened pathogens

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Inactivated Vaccines

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Contains dead pathogens

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Attenuated Vaccines

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Contains avirulent or mutated strains of pathogens

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Conjugate Vaccine

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Conjugating bacterial capsular antigens to molecules that stimulate the immune system

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Sub-unit Vaccine

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Contain acelullar or antigenic parts of pathogen

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Toxoid Vaccine

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Contain inactivated exotoxin

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Antitoxins

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Contain antibodies that neutralize toxins

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Antiserum

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Serum containing antitoxins

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Membrane attack complexes

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Lyse phagolysosome membranes and eventually plama membrane

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Local

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Limited to one organ only

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Systemic

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Infects through out the body

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Focal

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Affects only one area

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True

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T/F

A local infection may become systemic

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Portal of Exit

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Portals wheee disease exits the body to spread to others

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Zoonoses

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Animal reservoirs

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Humans

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Major reservoirs of human disease

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Carriers

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Aka Human reservoirs

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Epidemiology

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Science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted

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Sporadic diseases

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Rare diseases

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Endemic Diseases

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Disease that are always present in certain place

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Epidemic Disease

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Diseases that spreads easily

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Pandemic Diseases

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Diseases that easily spreads at a global scale

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Incidence

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New cases in a time period

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Prevalence

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Old and new cases at one point in time

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Soil

Water

Food

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Nonliving reservoirs (3)

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Eyes (tears)

Nose

Mouth (saliva, sputum)

Mammary glands (milk)

Urethra (urine)

Seminal vesicles (semen)

Anus (feces)

Skin (flakes)

Broken skin (blood)

Ear

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Portals of Exit (10)

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Contact

Vehicles

Vectors

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Transmission of Disease (3)

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Arboviruses

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Arthropod-borne viruses