Principles Of Disease And Epidemiology

Front 1

Pathology

Back 1

the study of disease

Front 2

Etiology

Back 2

the cause of a disease

Front 3

Pathogenesis

Back 3

the development of disease

Front 4

Infection

Back 4

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

Front 5

Disease

Back 5

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

Front 6

Transient microbiota

Back 6

may be present for days, weeks, or months

Front 7

Normal microbiota

Back 7

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

Front 8

Human Microbiome Project

Back 8

analyze relationships between microbial communities on the body and human health

Front 9

What factors are distribution and composition of normal microbiota determined by?

Back 9

nutrients, physical and chemical factors, host defenses, mechanical factors

Front 10

Microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion)

Back 10

a competition between microbes

Front 11

How do normal microbiota protect the host?

Back 11

Competing for nutrients, producing substances harmful to invading microbes, affecting pH and available oxygen

Front 12

Symbiosis

Back 12

the relationship between normal microbiota and the host

Front 13

Commensalism

Back 13

one organism benefits, the other is unaffected

Front 14

Mutualism

Back 14

both organisms benefit

Front 15

Parasitism

Back 15

one organism benefits at the expense of the other

Front 16

Normal microbiota are ______ ________ .

Back 16

opportunistic pathogens

Front 17

Koch's Postulates

Back 17

1) The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. 2) The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. 3) The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it's inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. 4) The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

Front 18

_______ are used to prove the cause of infectious disease.

Back 18

Koch's Postulates

Front 19

What are 3 ways to classify infectious disease?

Back 19

symptoms, signs, syndrome

Front 20

Symptoms

Back 20

changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease

Front 21

Signs

Back 21

changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

Front 22

Syndrome

Back 22

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

Front 23

Communicable disease

Back 23

a disease that is spread from one host to another

Front 24

Contagious diseases

Back 24

diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

Front 25

Noncommunicable disease

Back 25

a disease that is not spread from one host to another

Front 26

Incidence

Back 26

number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period

Front 27

Prevalence

Back 27

number of people who develop a disease at a specific time, regardless of when it first appeared (takes into account both old and new cases)

Front 28

Sporadic disease

Back 28

disease that occurs only occasionally

Front 29

Endemic disease

Back 29

disease constantly present in a population

Front 30

Epidemic disease

Back 30

disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time

Front 31

Pandemic disease

Back 31

worldwide epidemic

Front 32

Acute disease

Back 32

symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time

Front 33

Chronic disease

Back 33

symptoms develop slowly

Front 34

Subacute disease

Back 34

intermediate between acute and chronic

Front 35

Latent disease

Back 35

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

Front 36

Herd immunity

Back 36

immunity in most of the population

Front 37

Local Infection

Back 37

pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

Front 38

Systemic (generalized) infection

Back 38

an infection throughout the body

Front 39

Focal Infection

Back 39

systemic infection that began as a local infection

Front 40

Sepsis

Back 40

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

Front 41

Bacteremia

Back 41

bacteria in the blood

Front 42

Septicemia

Back 42

also known as blood poisoning; growth of bacteria in the blood

Front 43

Toxemia

Back 43

toxins in the blood

Front 44

Viremia

Back 44

viruses in the blood

Front 45

Primary infection

Back 45

acute infection that causes the initial illness

Front 46

Secondary Infection

Back 46

opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

Front 47

Subclinical disease

Back 47

no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

Front 48

What are 5 predisposing factors that make the body more susceptible to disease?

Back 48

inherited traits (sickle cell), climate, fatigue, age, nutrition

Front 49

Incubation period

Back 49

interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms

Front 50

Prodromal period

Back 50

short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms

Front 51

Period of illness

Back 51

disease is most severe

Front 52

Period of decline

Back 52

signs and symptoms subside

Front 53

Period of convalescence

Back 53

body returns to its prediseased state

Front 54

Reservoirs of Infection

Back 54

continual sources of infection

Front 55

Human reservoirs

Back 55

carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases

Front 56

Animal reservoirs

Back 56

Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans

Front 57

Nonliving reservoirs

Back 57

soil and water

Front 58

Direct contact transmission

Back 58

require close association between the infected and a susceptible host

Front 59

Indirect contact transmission

Back 59

spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a fomite

Front 60

Droplet transmission

Back 60

transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

Front 61

Vehicle Transmission

Back 61

Transmission by an inanimate reservoir

Front 62

Name 3 vehicle transmissions:

Back 62

waterborne, foodborne, airborne

Front 63

What are some examples of vectors?

Back 63

arthropods- especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes

Front 64

Mechanical transmission

Back 64

arthropod carries pathogen on its feet

Front 65

Biological transmission

Back 65

pathogen reproduces in the vector transmitted via bites or feces

Front 66

Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)

Back 66

acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility, affect 1 in 25 hospital patients, 2 million per year infected; 20,000 deaths, also known as nosocomial infections

Front 67

Name 3 reasons HAIs occur:

Back 67

1) Microorganisms in the hospital environment 2) weakened status of the host

3) chain of transmission in a hospital

Front 68

Compromised host

Back 68

an individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns

Front 69

How do you control healthcare-associated infection?

Back 69

reduce number of pathogens by hand washing, using disposable bandages, cleaning instruments scrupulously

Front 70

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Back 70

diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future. most are zoonotic, of viral origin, and likely to be vector-borne.

Front 71

What microorganism was a contributing factor to genetic recombination?

Back 71

Escherichia coli O157 and avian influenza (H5N1)

Front 72

What microorganism was a contributing factor to evolution of new strains?

Back 72

Vibrio cholerae O139

Front 73

What microorganism was a contributing factor to widespread use of antibiotics and pesticides?

Back 73

antibiotic resistant strains

Front 74

What microorganism was a contributing factor to changes in weather patterns?

Back 74

hantavirus

Front 75

Epidemiology

Back 75

the study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations

Front 76

What does a epidemiologist do?

Back 76

determine etiology of disease, identify other important factors concerning the spread of disease, develop methods for controlling a disease, assemble data and graphs to outline incidence of disease

Front 77

Descriptive epidemiology

Back 77

collection and analysis of data

Front 78

Analytical epidemiology

Back 78

analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause

Front 79

Experimental epidemiology

Back 79

involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments

Front 80

What does the center for disease control and prevention (CDC) do?

Back 80

collect and analyzes epidemiological information in the US, publishes "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)"

Front 81

Morbidity

Back 81

incidence of a specific notifiable disease

Front 82

Mortality

Back 82

deaths from notifiable diseases

Front 83

Notifiable infectious diseases

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diseases in which physicians are required to report occurrence

Front 84

Morbidity rate

Back 84

number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

Front 85

Mortality rate

Back 85

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

Front 86

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strain USA100 is the cause of ___ % health care strains and Strain USA300 is the cause of ___% community-aquired strains

Back 86

92%, 89%