" Principles Of Disease And Epidemiology"

Front 1

Symbiosis

Back 1

A situation where two populations interact in a close and permanent association.

Front 2

What are the benefits in a symbiosis relationship?

Back 2

food, protection, support, other lifesustaining factors

Front 3

Synergism

Back 3

two populations that live together and accomplish what neither can do alone.

Front 4

What are two examples of a synergism relationship?

Back 4

Lichens: Fungus and algae
Mitochondria and chloroplasts in animal and plant cells

Front 5

Mutualism

Back 5

Both organisms benefit

Front 6

What is an example of Mutalism?

Back 6

E.Coli in the intestine:
supplies with vitamin K and metabolizes indigestable foods

Front 7

Commensalism

Back 7

one population benefits and the other neither benefits or is harmed.

Front 8

What is an example of commensalism?

Back 8

Bacteria like normal flora that inhabits our inner and outer surfaces.

Front 9

Antagonism (parasitism)

Back 9

The relationship is benefital to one organism but is harmful to the other like pathogens.

Front 10

Infection

Back 10

Infection is the colonization that takes place in the body by bacterium.

Front 11

Disease

Back 11

any change from the general state of good health.

Front 12

Symptoms

Back 12

Subjective evidence of disease like aches and pains

Front 13

Signs

Back 13

Objective evidence of disease like a rash and fever

Front 14

Normal Flora

Back 14

microorganisms that infect without causing disease like in a symbiosis relationship, either mutual or commensalism

Front 15

Where is normal flora found?

Back 15

Normal flora is found in several tissues like the skin, oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and the genitourinary tract.

Front 16

Where is normal flora first introduced?

Back 16

It is first introduced in the birth canal and gradually acquired from environmental exposure.

Front 17

Pathogenicity

Back 17

The ability to enter host tissues and cause diseases.

Front 18

Virulence

Back 18

the degree of pathogenicity of a parasite

Front 19

What are some examples of high virulent parasites?

Back 19

Cholera, plague, typhoid, ebola

Front 20

What is an example of a less virulent parasites?

Back 20

the common cold viruses

Front 21

Avirulent

Back 21

microorganisms that do not cause diseases

Front 22

Attenuated

Back 22

vaccine strains

Front 23

Opportunistic

Back 23

microorganisms that colonize the host but may or may not cause disease depending on other factors

Front 24

When do the microbes seize the "opportunity" to invade the tissues and act as pathogens?

Back 24

When there is little virulence and until the normal defenses are suppressed.

Front 25

Portal of Entry

Back 25

the site at which the parasite enters the host ** may be specific for certain organisms**

Front 26

Dose

Back 26

the number of organisms that must be taken into the body to establish a disease. EX: Mycobacterium

Front 27

Virulence Factors

Back 27

attributes or strategies that contribute to virulence

Front 28

What are the virulence factors?

Back 28

- ahesins
- invasins
- evasins
- toxins

Front 29

Does bacteria have to possess each type of virulence factor to be virulent?

Back 29

No

Front 30

Adhesins

Back 30

factors that allow the colonization of a host

Front 31

Invasins

Back 31

factors that allow penetration of and spread within the tissues or cells

Front 32

What are the forms of an adhesin?

Back 32

pills, capsules, and biofilms

Front 33

What forms do invasins appear in?

Back 33

enzymes, intracellular invasion, flagella, and injection systems

Front 34

How can invasins be spread?

Back 34

They can be spread between species.

Front 35

Evasins

Back 35

factors that allow microbes to envade defenses

Front 36

What are the forms that evasins can be in?

Back 36

Antigenic variation, intracellular lifestyle, masking, and enzymes

Front 37

Leukocidin

Back 37

kills the white blood cells

Front 38

Coagulose

Back 38

forms fibrin clot; the cot then sticks to staphyloccus and protects from phagocytosis

Front 39

Streptokinase

Back 39

dissolves the fibrin clot around the streptokinase and permits the spreading antiphagocytic mechanism

Front 40

Toxins

Back 40

microbial products that are toxic and damage host cells

Front 41

What are the two types of toxins?

Back 41

exotoxins and endotoxins

Front 42

Exotoxins

Back 42

secreted toxins

Front 43

Endotoxins

Back 43

lipopolysaccharide

Front 44

Neurotoxins

Back 44

botulism toxins that are among the most lethal. They block the nerve activity causing someone to be paralyzed and tetanus toxins blocks the termination of nerve activity causing uncontrollable muscle contractions

Front 45

Enterotoxins

Back 45

diarrheagenic toxins

Front 46

Cytotoxins

Back 46

diphtheria toxins which interfere with the protein assembly