Principles Of Bio Test 1

Front 1

What types of organisms are found in each domain?

Back 1

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya- Protista (single celled)
Plantae (plants)
Fungi (fungus)
Animalia

Front 2

What properties are shared by all living organisms?

Back 2

1.Cellular Organization- have at least 1 cell
2. Metabolism- All living things use engergy
3. Homestasis- maintain internal conditions
4. Growth and Reproduction
5. Herdity- possess a genetic system that is based on Deoxynbonumcliecacid

Front 3

What is homeostasis?

Back 3

When an organism maintains their internal conditions such as water or tempurature. This is important because they can adapt to outside changes.

Front 4

What is the organization of life?

Back 4

Cellular level:
atom-molecule-macromolecule-organelle-cell
Organism level:
tissue-organ-organ system-organism
Population level:
population-species-community-ecosystem

Front 5

What are the major classes of macromolecules?

Back 5

Monomer Polymere CellularStructure
Protiens:
Amino acids polypeptides intermediate filament
Nucleic acid:
Nucleotide DNA strand Chromosome
Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides starch starch grains in chloroplast
Lipids
fatty acid fat molecule adipose cells with fat droplets

Front 6

How do scientists think?

Back 6

Inductive Reasoning is used to create general principles for detailed observation

Front 7

what is the scientific proccess?

Back 7

1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. prediction
4. testing
5. controls
6. conclusion

Front 8

what is a hypothesis

Back 8

it is an educated guess

Front 9

what are enzymes?

Back 9

protiens that help speed up chemical reactions

Front 10

who discovered cells?

Back 10

Robert Hooke

Front 11

plasma membrane

Back 11

encases all cells, has water loving polar( hydrophilic) head and nonpolor hydrophobic tails that form a bi-layer

Front 12

Nucleus

Back 12

command center for cells, holds the chromosomes

Front 13

Nucleolus

Back 13

site where ribosomes are produced, this is located in the nucleus and is site of genes for rRNA sythesis

Front 14

Nuclear evelope

Back 14

double *membrane* between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Front 15

Nuclear pores

Back 15

are pinches on the nuclear evelope used to allow things to pass in and out of the nucleus

Front 16

Ribosomes

Back 16

small complexes of RNA and protein that are the sites of protein synthesis these make the Rough ER rough, Ribosomes are studded within the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell, and are created in the Nucleaus

Front 17

Cytoplasm

Back 17

semifluid matrix that contains the nucleus and other organelle

Front 18

Rough endopasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 18

internal membranes studded with ribosomes that carry out protein synthesis transports molecules to the golgicomplex (part of the endomembrane system)

Front 19

Smooth Edopasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 19

system of internal membranes that aids in the manufature of carbs and lipids, transports molecules to the golgi complex (part of the endomembrane system)

Front 20

Golgi Complex

Back 20

collects, packages, and distributes molecules manufactured in the cells.
this can vary from few to hundreds, imports and then exports and are flattened stacks of membrane scattered in the cytoplasm (part of the endomembrane system)

Front 21

Lysosomes

Back 21

vesicle that is part of the endomembrane system that derives from the golgi complex. contains enzymes that break down macromolecules. helps digest worn out cells and substances taken into cells. Recycles material

Front 22

Peroxisomes

Back 22

vesicles that are part of the endomembrane system that derived from the ER that will either convert fats to sugars in plants or will detoxify bad cells in humans

Front 23

Mitochondria

Back 23

the power house (bcuz it provides ATP and is the site of oxidative metabolism), this also contains DNA, It includes a sausage like structure that most likely came from a bacteria. the DNA IS LOCATED IN THE MATRIX

Front 24

Chloroplasts

Back 24

Occurs in plants, is the site of photosythesis, has a double membrane, has DNA

Front 25

thylakoid

Back 25

the site of photosythesis

Front 26

garnum

Back 26

is a stack of thylakoid

Front 27

Cytoskeleton

Back 27

A dense network of protien fibers that
1. support the shape of the cell
2. anchors organelles

Front 28

intermediate filament

Back 28

a type of cytoskeleton that is a thick rope of intertwined protien, this is the rope like netting in the cells

Front 29

Microtubule

Back 29

a type of cytoskeleton that is composed of protien tubulin and is arranged side by side to form tubes that function in intracellular transport and stabilization of cell structure

Front 30

actin filament

Back 30

a type of cytoskelotin that are responsible for cell movement and are two strands of fibrous twisted together

Front 31

flagella and cilla

Back 31

consist of a 9+2 arrangement of microtubles and anchored in the cell by a basal body. flagella is long and few in number and cilla is plentiful

Front 32

Chromosomes

Back 32

Anchor and assemble microtubles (is a microtuble triplet) DOES NOT OCCUR IN HIGHER PLANTS OF FUNGI

Front 33

Cell walls

Back 33

are in plant cells has primary walls seperated by middle lamella and surronded by the secondary wall

Front 34

what is ATP?

Back 34

is the energy currency of the cell
C6H12O6(sugar)+6O2(oxygen)-> 6CO2(Carbon dioxide) + 6H20 (water)+ energy (heat or ATP)

Front 35

oxidative metabolism

Back 35

this occurs in the mitchondria, it is the part of the ATP production that uses oxygen

Front 36

Active transport

Back 36

these are channels through the plasma membrane that require energy such as the sodium potassium pump and the proton pump

Front 37

Passive transport

Back 37

ways to pass through the plasma membrane without energy such as diffusion and osmosis

Front 38

What is Oxidation and reduction and how are they related?

Back 38

oxydation is to lose electrons and reduction is to accept them. they are related because this is the process that is gone through to produce ATP

Front 39

Glycolysis

Back 39

the first step in cellular respiration, it occurs in the cytoplasm with or without oxygen, involves enzyme-catalyzed reactions where 6-carbon glucose is converted into two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate. TWO ATP is made.

Front 40

pyruvate oxidation

Back 40

the second stage, it occurs in the intermembrane space and converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA, gets a CO2 molecule

Front 41

The krebs Cycle

Back 41

Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, removes electrons and ends with 2 ATP and 2 Carbons. Acetyl CoA binds with a 4 carbon molecule producing a 6-carbon one. 2 carbons are taken out and the 4 starts from the begining

Front 42

NAD and FAD

Back 42

transport electrons to the electron transport chain

Front 43

electron transport chain

Back 43

occuyrs in the inner membrane. electrons are donated to oxygen to form water after electrons are pumped through ATP synthase channels and 32 ATP are made

Front 44

what other molecules are involved in cellular respiration

Back 44

nucleic acids, protiens, and lipids and fats

Front 45

Fermentation

Back 45

when there is no oxygen organic electron receptors are donated to a pyruvate derivitive to keep glycolosis running. there are 2 types: Lactic acid fermintation (in your muscles)
and ethanolic fermentation (happens in beer)

Front 46

Mitosis

Back 46

occurs in somatic (non-reproductive) cells. Includes interphase, mitosis (prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase) and cytokinesis

Front 47

Interphase

Back 47

chromosomes replicate and condense
G1 growth stage 1
s phase- DNA replication
G2- growth stage 2 (mitochria and microtubual replication and sythesis)

Front 48

homologous chromosomes

Back 48

one of the pair of chromosome came from each parent and they contain information on the same trait

Front 49

diploid cell

Back 49

a cell that has two copies of each chromosome

Front 50

haploid

Back 50

a cell that only has 1 copy of each chromosome

Front 51

sister chromotids

Back 51

the identical copy that is joined at the centromere to the homologous chromosome

Front 52

Prophase

Back 52

Nuclear envelope breaks down
chromosomes condense further
spindle apparatus (microtubles) are formed
there are also centrioles at the poles

Front 53

Metaphase

Back 53

chromosomes align along the equatorial plane
chromosome cetromeres attach to the microtubles at kinetochore (protein on the chromosome)

Front 54

Anaphase

Back 54

sister chromosomes seperate
they are drawn to opposite poles by shortening of the microtubles attached to them

Front 55

telophase

Back 55

spindle is dismantled
nuclear envelope reforms
chromosomes begin to uncondense
nucleolous reappears

Front 56

cytokinesis

Back 56

this is the division of the cytoplasm
Animal cells: cleavage furrow (pinching)
Plant cells:
cell plate forms diving the cell in two

Front 57

Cancer

Back 57

the unrestrained cell growth and divison that results in turmors. caused by either mutations in the proto-oncogenes that stimulate cell divison
or tumor-suppressor genes that inhibit cell division

Front 58

benign vs. Malignant tumors

Back 58

benign tumors are more harmless, they are encapsulated and noninvasive while malignant tumors are not encapsulated and invasive

Front 59

metastasis

Back 59

when the bad cells leave the tumor and spread throughout the body

Front 60

Meiosis

Back 60

the cell divison that occurs in sperm cells. and results in 4 haploid cells

Front 61

prophase 1

Back 61

homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis) and trade segments (cross over), this is the longest and most complex stage

Front 62

metaphase 1

Back 62

homologous chromosomes pairs align at the equatorial plane

Front 63

Anaphase 1

Back 63

homologous chromosomes seperate and move to opposite poles

Front 64

telophase 1

Back 64

Individual chromosomes gather together at the 2 poles

Front 65

Meiosis 2

Back 65

there is a brief interphase inwhich no DNA sythesis occurs
it is the same as mitosis except that it does not have haploid set of chromosomes and the sister chromatids are not identical

Front 66

kinetochore

Back 66

the disk around the cetroles at the poles of the cell