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25 Cards in this Set
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“This absolutism, this ignoring and denial of temporal relativity, is one great reason why the earlier liberalism degenerated so easily into pseudo-liberalism… I call it a pseudoliberalism because it ossified and narrowed generous ideas and aspirations. Even when words remain the same, they mean something very different when they are uttered by a minority struggling against repressive measures and when expressed by a group that, having attained power, then uses ideas that were once weapons of emancipation as instruments for keeping the power and wealth it has obtained.”
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The Future of Liberalism - John Dewey
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“THE natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but to have only the law of nature for his rule. The liberty of man, in society, is to be under no other legislative power, but that established, by consent, in the common wealth; nor under the dominion of any will, or restraint of any law, but what that legislative shall enact, according to the trust put in it.”
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Second Treatise of Government - John Locke
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“I have already said enough to put the character of the Anglo-American civilization in its true light. It is the product… of two perfectly distinct elements that elsewhere have often made war with one another, but which, in America, they have succeeded in incorporating somehow into one another and combining marvelously. I mean to speak of the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom.”
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Democracy in America - Tocqueville
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“Hence it is evident that the city is a creation of nature, and that man is by nature a political animal. And he who by nature and not by mere accident is without a city, is either a bad man or above humanity; he is like the ‘Tribeless, lawless, hearthless one; [said of the Cyclopes in the Odyssey] whom Homer denounces the natural outcast is forthwith a lover of war…”
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The Politics - Aristotle
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“The care of souls cannot belong to the civil magistrate, because his power consists only in outward force: but true and saving religion consists in the inward persuasion of the mind, without which nothing can be acceptable to God.”
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A Letter Concerning Toleration - John Locke
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“By tyranny, as we now fight it, we mean control of the law, of legislation and adjudication, by organizations which do not represent the people, by means which are private and selfish. We mean, specifically, the conduct of our affairs and the shaping of our legislation to the interest of special bodies of capital and those who organize their use.”
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The New Freedom: A Call for the Emancipation of the Generous Energies of a people - Woodrow Wilson
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“But it is difficult to get from youth up a right training for virtue if one has not been brought up under right laws; for to live temperately and hardily is not pleasant to most people, especially when they are young…but it is surely not enough that when they are young they should get the right nurture and attention; since they must, even when they are grown up, practice and be habituated to them, we shall need laws for this as well, and generally speaking to cover the whole of life; for most people obey necessity rather than argument, and punishments rather than the sense of what is noble.”
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Nicomachean Ethics - Aristotle
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“Though the earth, and all inferior creatures, be common to all men, yet every man has a property in his own person: this no body has any right to but himself.”
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Second Treatise on Government - John Locke
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“We have come to a clear realization of the fact that true individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence. ‘Necessitous men are not free men.’”
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Message to the Congress on the State of the Union - Franklin D. Roosevelt
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“But however great the variety and inequality of men may be with regard to virtue, talents, taste, and acquirements; there is still one aspect, in which all men in society, previous to civil government, are equal. With regard to all, there is an equality in rights and in obligations; there is that ‘jus aequum; that equal law, in which the Romans placed true freedom. The natural rights and duties of man belong equally to all.”
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Of Man As a Member of Society, Lectures on Law - James Wilson
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“It is vital importance to notice... that liberty is not a natural right which belongs to every human being without regard to the state or society under which he lives. On the contrary, it is logically true and may be historically demonstrated that ‘the state is the source of individual liberty.’”
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“Recent Tendencies” - Charles Merriam
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“But I will not dwell on this aspect of the question; I turn to the political; and here I fearlessly assert that the existing relation between the two races in the South, against which these blind fanatics are waging war, forms the most solid and durable foundation on which to rear free and stable political institutions.”
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Speech on the Reception of Abolition Petitions - John C. Calhoun
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“They defined with tolerable distinctness, in what respects they did consider all men created equal – equal in “certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” This they said, and this meant. They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth, that all were then actually enjoying that equality, nor yet, that they were about to confer it immediately upon them. In fact they had no power to confer such a boon. They meant simply to declare the right, so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstance should permit. They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society, which should be familiar to all, and revered by all…”
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Speech on the Dred Scott Decision - Abraham Lincoln
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“Moreover, full freedom of the human spirit and of individuality can be achieved only as there is effective opportunity to share in the cultural resources of civilization. No economic state of affairs is merely economic. It has a profound effect upon presence or absence of cultural freedom. Any liberalism that does not make full cultural freedom supreme and that does not see the relation between it and genuine industrial freedom as a way of life is a degenerate and delusive liberalism.”
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The Future of Liberalism - John Dewey
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“Thus it is not enough to open the gates of opportunity. All our citizens must have the ability to walk through those gates. This is the next and the more profound stage of the battle for civil rights. We seek not just freedom but opportunity. We seek not just legal equity but human ability, not just equality as a right and a theory but equality as a fact and equality as a result.”
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To Fulfill These Rights: Commencement Address at Howard University - Lyndon B. Johnson
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“The Declaration of Independence discusses the problem of government in terms of a contract… under such a contract, rulers were accorded power, and the people consented to that power on consideration that they be accorded certain rights. The task of statesmanship has always been the redefinition of these rights in terms of a changing and growing social order. New conditions impose new requirements upon government and those who conduct government…”
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The Commonwealth Club Address - Franklin D. Roosevelt
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“The inference to which we are brought is that the causes of faction cannot be removed and that relief is only to be sought in controlling the effects.”
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Federalist 10 - James Madison
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“Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be connected to the Constitutional rights of the place.”
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Federalist 51 - James Madison
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“Instead of liberty and equality being born with man; instead of all men and all classes and descriptions being equally entitled to them, they are prizes to be won, and are in their most perfect state, not only the highest reward that can be bestowed on our race, but the most difficult to be won – and when won, the most difficult to be preserved.”
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Oregon Bill Speech - John C. Calhoun
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“The trouble with [The Founders’] theory is that government is not a machine, but a living thing. It falls, not under the theory of the universe, but under the theory of organic life. It is accountable to Darwin, not to Newton… Living political constitutions must be Darwinian in structure and in practice. Society is a living organism and must obey the laws of life, not of mechanics; it must develop.”
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The New Freedom: A Call for the Emancipation of the Generous Energies of a people - Woodrow Wilson
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“A sanction is essential to the idea of law, as coercion is to that of Government. The federal system being destitute of both, wants the great vital principles of a Political Constitution. Under the form of such a Constitution, it is in fact nothing more than a treaty of amity of commerce and of alliance, between so many independent and Sovereign States.”
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Vices of the Political System of the United States - James Madison
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“Certainly all those who have framed written constitutions contemplate them as forming the fundamental and paramount law of the nation, and consequently the theory of every such government must be, that an act of the legislature repugnant to the constitution is void.”
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Marbury v. Madison - Justice Marshal
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“The general words above quoted [From the Declaration of Independence] would seem to embrace the whole human family, and if they were used in a similar instrument at this day would be so understood. But it is too clear for dispute, that the enslaved African race were not intended to be included, and formed no part of the people who framed and adopted this declaration…”
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Dred Scott v. Sanford - Justice Taney
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Individualism proceeds from an erroneous judgement rather than a depraved sentiment. It has it sources in the defects of the mind as much as in vices of the heart.
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Democracy in America - Tocqueville
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So it is that every day it renders the employment of free will less useful and more rare; it confines the action of the will in a smaller space and little by little steals the very use of it from citizen. Equality has prepared men for all these things: it has disposed them to tolerate them and often even to regard them as a benefit.
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Democracy in America - Tocqueville
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