Principles Of Adaptive Immunity

Front 1

List the two key differences between antigen recognition receptors in the innate and adaptive immunity.

Back 1

1) specificity
2) memory

Front 2

Define the clonal selection and explain how it relates to responsiveness to pathogens and non-responsiveness to self (self-tolerance)?

Back 2

clonal selection is when antigen is presented to lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and selects the ones that recognize it. lymphocytes that recognize self are eliminated.

Front 3

Explain how antigen recognition by T cells and B cells differs.

Back 3

1) B cells can recognize antigen without a antigen-presenting cell presenting it to them.
2) t-cells need an antigen presenting cell to present a piece of the antigen to them in order for them to recognize that antigen

Front 4

Describe the role of dendritic cells in activation of adaptive immunity.

Back 4

Dendritic cells lie in the basal lamina of epithelium that is exposed to pathogen. when they ingest some pathogen they become activated and move to the lymph nodes. at the lymph nodes they present the antigen to the lymphocytes for activation of the immune response.

Front 5

Explain the relationship between the two classes of MHC (class I and class II) and the two types of effector T cells (cytotoxic and helper)?

Back 5

MHC class I is associated with killer T cells and CD8
MHC class II is associated with helper T cells and CD4.

Front 6

What is the main 2 key functions of dendritic cells?

Back 6

antigen processing and presentation to T cells using MHC

Front 7

MHC is associated with what two cells?

Back 7

dendritic cells, T cells

Front 8

What are the 5 steps of activation of a cytotoxic t cell?

Back 8

1)antigen gets into cell ie. virus infects cell
2) virus proteins are made in cytoplasm
3) peptide fragments bind MHC I in ER
4) bound peptides are transported by MHC to cell surface
5) cytotoxic T cell recognizes MHC and antigen and destroys infected cell

Front 9

What are 4 steps of activation of a helper T cell?

Back 9

1) macrophage digests antigen
2) pieces of antigen are bound to MHC II in vesicles
3) antigen and MHC II vesicles go to cell surface
4) helper T cell recognizes antigen and MHC II and activates macrophages

Front 10

How do B and T cells activate each other? What are the four steps of that process?

Back 10

1) b cell recognizes antigen via Ig receptor and processes it
2) antigen peptide fuses with MHC class II in vesicles
3) MHC II and vesicles are transported to cell surface
4) helper T cell recognizes MHC II and antigen and becomes activated THEN it activates that B lymphocyte

Front 11

What are the two ways that Ig combats infection?

Back 11

1) neutralization
2) opsonization

Front 12

What occurs within Ig neutralization of antigen?

Back 12

1) Ig surronds antigen
2) phagocyte ingests and destroys antigen

Front 13

What are the two kinds of opsonization that Ig provides to antigen?

Back 13

1) direct - Ig coats antigen so that Ig receptors can phagocyte can recognize antigen2) indirect - Ig activates complement so that complement can interact with phagocyte receptors

Front 14

What are are two of the ways that antibody mutations can cause improvements in immune response?

Back 14

-increase affinity for binding antibody to antigen
-increased ability for Ig to bind phagocyte

Front 15

What are the steps of thymocyte clonal selection?

Back 15

1) t cell progenitors give rise to tons of thymocytes
2)thymocytes are positively selected for by epithelial cells in cortex of thymus
3) positively selected ones survive and divide
4) positively selected clones are negatively selected in thymic medulla (??)
5) clones surviving negative selection leave thymus for circulation

Front 16

How is the clonal selection process for B and T cells linked?

Back 16

B cells need T cells to be activated and since T cells went through a stringent t step process they should be straight

Front 17

What is one thing that can cause autoimmunity?

Back 17

response to an infection

Front 18

What is an allergy?

Back 18

reaction to normally innocuous substance

Front 19

What are the four ways that innate and adaptive immune responses are different?

Back 19

-rapid vs slow response
-fixed vs variable response
-specificity
-constant vs improvement during response

Front 20

What are the cells of the innate vs adaptive immune system?

Back 20

innate - nuetrophils and macrophages
adaptive - B and T cells

Front 21

What is the definition of an antigen?

Back 21

any molecule or macromolecule that can be bound by Ig or TCR

Front 22

Which of Ig or TCR is soluble vs on cell surface?

Back 22

Ig can be either
TCR is only on cell surface

Front 23

What is something that T cell and B cell receptors have in common?

Back 23

constant region
variable region
(membrane soluble Ig) - transmembrane domain

Front 24

Where does recombination take place?

Back 24

somatic cells

Front 25

What key feature distinguishes innate from adaptive immunity?

Back 25

clonal selection

Front 26

Are dendritic cells and macropahges always present in tissue?

Back 26

yes

Front 27

What are the four steps within which dendritic cells activate adaptive immunity in lymph nodes?

Back 27

1) dendritic cells and macrophages are always present in tissue
2)dendritic cells pick up pathogen and differentiate to become mobile
3)mobile dendritic cells carry pathogen to lymphoid tissue to stimulate adaptive immune response
4) adaptive immune cells are activated in lymph nodes travel to site of infection