Principals Of Disease And Epidemiology

Front 1

Normal Microbiota

Back 1

AKA - indigenous flora

microbes which are permanent residents on the body but don't cause disease

Front 2

Transient Microbiota

Back 2

present for a short period of time, then disappear

Front 3

Opportunistic microbiota

Back 3

take advantage of weaker or immunosuppressed individuals

Front 4

Pathology

Back 4

Study of disease

Front 5

Infection

Back 5

invasion of the body by pathogenic organisms

Front 6

Disease

Back 6

abnormal state when body or body part is not performing normally

Front 7

Etiology

Back 7

cause of disease

Front 8

Pathogenicity

Back 8

capacity to produce disease

Front 9

Virulence

Back 9

measure of pathogenicity

Front 10

Explain what Koch's postulates are....

Back 10

series of steps used to pinpoint causative agents for a specific disease

Front 11

List three conditions where opportunistic pathogens cause disease

Back 11

1. Host is weakened by primary infection or is immunocompromised.

2. microbes are introduced to part of body where not natural

3. disturbances in normal microbiota

Front 12

Communicable VS Non-communicable

Back 12

-communicable diseases are spread from one host to another

-noncommunicable do not spread from one host to another

Front 13

Primary Infection VS Secondary infection

Back 13

-primary infections is the first infection in a healthy person

-secondary infections follows a primary infection, caused by opportunistic pathogen

Front 14

Acute Infections VS Chronic infections VS Subacute infections

Back 14

-acute infections develop rapidly

-chronic infections more slowly

-subacute between acute and chronic

Front 15

Local infections VS Focal Infections VS Systemic Infections

Back 15

-local infection microbes are limited to small area of the body

-Focal infections are also limited but can spread

-systemic infections spread throughout body

Front 16

True Pathogens VS Opportunistic pathogenes

Back 16

-true pathogens are microbes capable of causing infection in a normal healthy host.

-opportunistic pathogens will not normally cause disease in healthy person

Front 17

List and define stages of infectious disease

Back 17

1. incubation period - invasion of host by microbe

2. prodromal period - early symptoms, relatively short period

3. Period of ilness - disease most acute, patient expresses overt s/s

4. Period of decline - s/s decline, pt susceptible to secondary infection

5. period of convalescence - patient regain health

Front 18

Identify portals of entry

Back 18

cutaneous and mucosal membranes OR directly into skin through cut or bite

Front 19

Identify portals of exit

Back 19

respiratory tract, GI tract, or urogenital tract

Front 20

Reservoir of infection

Back 20

site where microorganisms can resist and maintain ability to infect

1.Human- with or without s/s of disease (ex. HIV)

2.animal- zoonoses-transmitted from animal to human

3. nonliving- Ex. water contaminated by Girardia Lamblia

Front 21

Explain different means of transmission

Back 21

!. Contact transmission-requires physical contact

2. Transmission by vehicle - through medium (ex. feces=salmonella)

3.transmission by vector- living organisms carry pathogen (ex. malaria from mosquito bite)

Front 22

Vector

Back 22

living organism that carries pathogen from host to host

Front 23

Mechanical Vectors

Back 23

animal is just mechanical means of transport (ex. house fly)

Front 24

Biological Vector

Back 24

vector becomes host

Front 25

Epidemiology

Back 25

science that studies when and where disease occurs and how transmitted in population

Front 26

Center for Disease Control (CDC)

Back 26

studies disease in US

Front 27

World Health Organization (WHO)

Back 27

studies disease in the world

Front 28

Sporadic

Back 28

disease occurs occasionally

Front 29

Endemic

Back 29

Disease constantly present in population

Front 30

Epidemic

Back 30

many people acquire disease in specific area in a short period of time

Front 31

Pandemic

Back 31

epidemic that occurs worldwide

Front 32

Nosocomial Infections

Back 32

-disease acquired as a result of stay in a healthcare facility

-opportunistic, patients are often compromised and can be easily infected

Front 33

Virulence Factors

Back 33

characteristics that help organism cause infections and disease

Front 34

Toxin

Back 34

poisonous substance produced by certain orgainsms

Front 35

Adherence

Back 35

microbe must attach itself to host tissues

Front 36

Capsules

Back 36

capsules can impair white blood cell phagocytosis by preventing bacteria from adhering to WBC's, increasing virulence

Front 37

Exotoxins

Back 37

-produced inside some bacteria as a normal part of metabolism

gram+

-proteins

-potent in very small amounts

Front 38

Endotoxins

Back 38

-released when cell dies

-gram -

-lipids

-only toxic in high doses