Principal Of Water

Front 1

Water is a compound of?

Back 1

Hydrogen and oxygen formed when 2 hydrogen atoms combine with 1 oxygen atom

Hint 1

167

Front 2

At what degree does water convert to a solid state of matter, called ice?

Back 2

Below 32°

Hint 2

167

Front 3

At what degree does water convert to a gas, water vapor or steam?

Back 3

212° (boiling point)

Hint 3

167

Front 4

Water can not be seen in a vapor form.

Back 4

.

Front 5

How is Water density or weight per unit of volume measured?

Back 5

Pounds per cubic feet

Hint 5

167

Front 6

1 gallon of water weighs

Back 6

8.3 pounds

Front 7

What are a couple ways water may extinguish fires

Back 7

Cool or absorb heat from the fire, as well as smother (exclude oxygen from) fires

Hint 7

168

Front 8

Water may smother combustible liquids fires if the specific gravity is

Back 8

Higher then 1 (heavier then water)

Hint 8

168

Front 9

What extinguishment may occur when water converts into steam within a closed space

Back 9

Smothering

Hint 9

168

Front 10

What are the 3 physical states of matter

Back 10

Solid (32°)

Liquid (32-212)

Gas (invisible water vapor) 212°

Hint 10

168

Front 11

Specific gravity of Methylene chloride?

What happenes when mixed with water

Back 11

1.33

Sinks

Hint 11

168

Front 12

Gasoline has a specific gravity of?

What happenes when mixed with water?

Back 12

.72 - .76

Floats

Hint 12

168

Front 13

Water has a specific gravity of

Back 13

1.0

Hint 13

168

Front 14

Out of the common extinguishing agents, what agent has the greater heat absorbing capacity

Back 14

Water

Hint 14

169

Front 15

An advantage of water.

amount of heat is required to change water to steam, which then allows

Back 15

More heat to be absorbed from the fire

Hint 15

169

Front 16

An advantage of water, what happens to heat when a great amount of surface area of water is exposed.

Back 16

Heat is more rapidly absorbed.

Hint 16

169

Front 17

An advantage of water, the amount of surface area can be increased how when using a handline

Back 17

Use of a fog nozzle or deflection of a solid stream off an object

Hint 17

169

Front 18

An advantage of water, water converted into steam occupies approximately how many times its original volume

Back 18

1700 times

It also helps dissipate heat in well a vented room. The ratio is greater the higher the temperature.

Hint 18

169

Front 19

A disadvantage of water

Water has a high surface tension that makes it difficult to

Back 19

Soak into dense materials

Hint 19

169

Front 20

A disadvantage of water.

Wetting agents may be mixed with water to reduce surface tension and increase its penetrating ability. Water may be reactive with certain fuels, combustible Metals, sodium metal, and triethyl aluminum. Due to low levels of opacity and reflectivity, radiant heat easily passing through water, rendering water curtains ineffective.

Back 20

.

Hint 20

169

Front 21

What are some safety hazards that may occur in below freezing temperatures.

Back 21

Ice dams, frozen pumps, slippery surfaces and frozen hoselines

Hint 21

169

Front 22

A disadvantage of water, its a good conductor of electricity

Back 22

.

Hint 22

170

Front 23

What may be A disadvantage of water with it being relatively heavy.

Back 23

An accumulation of water within a structure can lead to an increased potential for structural collapse

Hint 23

170

Front 24

What is defined as a force per unit area

Back 24

Pressure

Hint 24

170

Front 25

What is force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas measured in pounds per square inch

Back 25

Pressure

Hint 25

170

Front 26

What is a simple measure of weight usually expressed in pounds or kilograms

Back 26

Force

Hint 26

170

Front 27

Force in a simple measure of weight and is expressed in pounds. This measurement is directly related to the force of gravity. What is an example of force

If several objects of the same size and weight are placed on a flat surface they all exert the same force on that surface

Back 27

3 Square containers placed next to each other

Equal size containing 1 cubic foot of water in weighing 62.4 pounds

Each container exerts a force of about 62 pounds per square foot with a total of 187.2 pounds of force over 3 squared foot area

If the containers are stacked on top of each other the total force exerted a 187.2 pounds remain the same but the area of contact is reduced to one square foot.

The pressure then becomes a 187.2 pounds per square foot

Hint 27

170

Front 28

How force is determined

Back 28

Force is an influence that causes a change in the speed direction or shape of a substance

Hint 28

171

Front 29

Weight of 1 cubic foot of water is approximately how many pounds

Back 29

62.4 pounds

Hint 29

171

Front 30

What determines the speed when a fluid travels through a hose or pipe?

What it is often called?

Back 30

The pressure upon that fluid as well as the size of the orifice it is flowing through.

This speed is often called velocity

Hint 30

172

Front 31

What is the first principle that determines the action or pressure on fluids

Back 31

Fluid is perpendicular to any surface.

A vessel with flat sides, pressure exerted by the weight of water is perpendicular to walls.

If pressure is exerted in any other direction, the water would begin to move downward along the sides and rise at the corners

Front 32

What is the 2nd principle that determines the action or pressure on fluids

Back 32

Pressure applied to a confined fluid (fluid at rest) is transmitted equally in all directions.

This principle is used in hydrostatic testing.

Hint 32

172

Front 33

What is the 3rd principle that determines the action or pressure on fluids

Back 33

Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions

A sphere filled with water and pressure applied by the pump, multiple gages with no change in elevation will all read the same pressure.

Hint 33

172

Front 34

Due to increasing water pressure requirements necessary for the height of the building what is installed in standpipe systems that serve high rise buildings

Back 34

Pressure regulating devices

Hint 34

173

Front 35

What do pressure regulating devices on standpipes do

Back 35

Allow hose lines on Lower floors to be more easily controlled while allowing high pressures required to access upper floors

Hint 35

173

Front 36

What is the 4th principle that determines the action or pressure on fluids

Back 36

The pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is proportional to its depth (weight)

Ex. Three open vessels with water each one foot bigger than the other. bigger the vessel, more water, more weight

Hint 36

173

Front 37

What is the 5th principle that determines the action or pressure on fluids

Back 37

Pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is proportional to the density of the liquid

1 inch of mercury creates that same pressure as 13.55 inches of water at the bottom

Hint 37

173

Front 38

What is the 6th principle that determines the action or pressure on fluids

Back 38

The pressure of liquid at the bottom of a vessel is independent of the shape of the vessel

Hint 38

174

Front 39

Pressure that surrounds the earth, has depth and density, exerting pressure on everything

Back 39

Atmospheric pressure

Hint 39

174

Front 40

What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level

Back 40

14.7 psi

Greatest at low altitudes and least at high

Hint 40

174

Front 41

Atmospheric pressure reading is

Back 41

Pounds per square inch absolute.

(Psi above a perfect vacuum is absolute zero)

Hint 41

174

Front 42

Any pressure less than atmospheric is called?

Absolute zero pressure is called?

Back 42

Vacuum

Perfect vacuum

Hint 42

175

Front 43

Alternate term for pressure, especially pressure due to elevation.

Back 43

Head pressure.

Every 1 ft increase in elevation .434 psi is gained

Hint 43

176

Front 44

What pressure refers to the height of the water supply above the discharge orifice.

Back 44

Head pressure

Ex. Water supply 100 ft above the hydrant discharge opening is referred to as 100 ft of head. That elevated water supply creates the head pressure.

Hint 44

175

Front 45

Water flow definition of What pressure is stored potential energy available to force water through pipes, fittings, hose, and adapters.

Back 45

Static pressure

At rest or without motion

Hint 45

175

Front 46

Pressure in a system before it flows from a hydrant is considered

Back 46

Static pressure

Hint 46

175

Front 47

Water pressure may be produced by

Back 47

Elevated water supply, atmospheric pressure or pump

Hint 47

175

Front 48

What pressure found in a water distribution system during normal consumption

Back 48

Normal operating pressure

Hint 48

176

Front 49

What pressure is the portion of the total available pressure not used to overcome friction loss or gravity while forcing water through pipes fittings hoses or adapters

Back 49

Residual pressure

Remainder of the pressure not being used.

Hint 49

176

Front 50

Pressure at the test hydrant while water is flowing

Pressure remaining in the water supply system while the test water is flowing and is part of the total pressure that is not used to overcome forcing water through fire hose pipes fittings and adapters

Back 50

Residual

Hint 50

176

Front 51

Water is flowing from discharge opening, the forward velocity pressure is called

Back 51

Flow pressure

Hint 51

176

Front 52

How to measure the forward velocity of flow pressure

Back 52

Pilot tube and gauge

Hint 52

176

Front 53

What refers to the center line of the pump or bottom of a static water supply Source above or below ground level

Back 53

Elevation

Height of a point above sea level or some other reference point

vertical distance between the local surface of the Earth and global sea level. The local surface of the Earth will be either "land or water surface".

Hint 53

176

Front 54

What is altitude

Back 54

Geographic Position of an object in relation to sea level. The location may be above below or at sea level

vertical distance between an object and the local surface of the Earth.

Hint 54

176

Front 55

What is elevation pressure

Back 55

Gain or loss of pressure in a hoseline due to change in elevation

Nozzle above pump, pressure loss. Nozzle below pump, pressure gain.

Hint 55

176

Front 56

How does altitude impact the production of fire streams

Back 56

Atmospheric pressure drops as height above sea level increase.

Levels of little consequence between sea level and 2000 ft

Hint 56

176

Front 57

Above sea level atmospheric pressure decreases how much psi

Back 57

0.5 psi for every 1000ft

Above 2000 ft pumpers work hard to get a draft. It effects the atmospheric lift

Hint 57

176

Front 58

What is loss of pressure created by turbulence of water moving against the interior walls of the hose or pipe

Back 58

Friction loss

Fire service definition - total pressure loss forcing water through pipe fittings fire hose and adapters

Hint 58

177

Front 59

Causes of friction loss in a fire hose

Back 59

Movement of water molecules against each other

Lining of fire hose

Kinks

Change in hose size

Couplings

Improper gasket

Adapters

Adapters

Hint 59

177

Front 60

Friction loss in older hose may be what percent greater the new hose

Back 60

50%

Hint 60

177

Front 61

What is referred to as the coefficient of friction of a pipe

Back 61

Rough inner surface of the pipe

Hint 61

177

Front 62

In a pipe the rougher the inner surface the greater the what

Back 62

Greater the friction loss will be

Hint 62

177

Front 63

Friction loss can be measured by inserting what in a hose or pipe

Back 63

In line gauges

Hint 63

177

Front 64

The difference in residual pressure between two gauges placed a distance apart in the same diameter hose or pipe when water is Flowing is the friction loss for that distance

Back 64

Example - the difference in pressure between a nozzle and Pumper

Hint 64

178

Front 65

Pressures

Residual - the pressure that is left in the system. Hydrant 1's pressure is open (not flowing).

Flow pressure - from a discharge opening. hydrant 2s pressure open and flowing

Back 65

.

Front 66

First basic principle for friction loss

Back 66

all considerations are the same. Friction loss varies directly with the length of hose or pipe.

example. gpm is the same but 2 different lines are pumped with different lengths the figure out the different psi..

Hint 66

178

Front 67

The second basic principle for friction loss

Back 67

When hoses are the same size, friction loss varies approximately with the "square" of the increase in the velocity of the flow. friction loss develops faster then the change in velocity.

Example flowing from 200 GPM doubled to 400 gpm, friction loss increased 4 times from 3.2 (squared) psi to 12.8

Hint 67

178

Front 68

What is the third principle for friction loss

Back 68

When the flow remains consistent the friction loss in a hose will decrease when the diameter of the hose is increased

Bigger the hose less the friction loss .

76% reduction in friction loss, using 4 inch instead of 3 inch.

Front 69

The fourth principal to friction loss

Back 69

For a given velocity friction loss is approximately the same regardless of the pressure on the water

Hint 69

179

Front 70

Water being virtually incompressible a pressure of 30000 PSI is required to reduce its volume by what percent

Back 70

1%

Hint 70

179

Front 71

With water being incompressible the same volume of water supplied into a fire hose under pressure at one end will be discharged at the other end

Back 71

.

Hint 71

179

Front 72

What determines the velocity for a given volume of water

Back 72

The diameter of the hose

The smaller the hose the greater the velocity needed to deliver the same volume

Hint 72

179

Front 73

Where is flow pressure the greatest and lowest

Back 73

Greatest near the source of Supply lowest at the furthest point

Hint 73

180

Front 74

If the velocity is increased beyond the practical limits a stream can travel, friction becomes so great the entire system is agitated by resistance. The agitation causes a degree of turbulence known as?

Back 74

Critical velocity

Hint 74

181

Front 75

Hose lengths of various diameters have a specific hose length at which the reduction in flow makes their use undesirable. Beyond this point what is necessary to do to increase flow and reduce friction

Back 75

Use parallel lines or siamese lines

Hint 75

181

Front 76

What characteristics in a hose layout will affect friction loss

Back 76

Hose lengths

Hose diameter

Kinks

Hint 76

181

Front 77

To reduce the friction loss due to hose lengths or diameter you need to?

Back 77

Reduce the length of the lay and increase the diameter of the hose

Hint 77

181

Front 78

How to reduce friction loss due to hose diameter.

Back 78

Use larger diameter, hose may be reduced from LDH to an appropriate size capable of handling.

Hint 78

181

Front 79

How may hose kinks be minimized

Back 79

Proper hose handling techniques

Hint 79

181

Front 80

In a large fire operation where large volume of water is needed the Fire department should make a request to

Back 80

Water utility department to increase the pressure

Hint 80

182

Front 81

What are the inaccurate components of a water systems

Back 81

Source of water supply

Means of moving water

Water treatment or processing facilities

Water distribution system

Hint 81

182

Front 82

Example of primary surface water supply

Back 82

Rivers and lakes

Front 83

Source of Ground water supply

Back 83

Wells or water producing system

Front 84

What are the means of moving water

Back 84

Direct pumping system

Gravity system

Combination system

Hint 84

183

Front 85

Moving water system uses 1 or more pumps that takes water from a primary source and discharges it through a filtration and treatment system

Back 85

Direct pumping system

Hint 85

183

Front 86

Uses a primary water source located at a higher elevation then the distribution system.

Back 86

Gravity system

Usually only sufficient when located several 100 ft above distribution system

Hint 86

183

Front 87

Wster System that uses direct pumping and distribution.

Back 87

Combination system

Front 88

Most communities use what system of moving water

Back 88

Combination system

Hint 88

183

Front 89

What tanks are served as emergency storage and provide adequate pressure through the use of gravity

Back 89

Elevated storage tanks

Hint 89

183

Front 90

What are the main concerns the fire department face with water treatment facilities and why

Back 90

Maintenance failure, natural disaster, loss of power supply, or a fire could disable the pumping stations or severely hamper the purification process

Those would reduce the volume of water pressure

Hint 90

184

Front 91

What part of the overall water supply system receives the water from the pumping station and delivers it throughout the area served

Back 91

Distribution system

Hint 91

184

Front 92

When a hydrant receives water from 2 or more directions it is said to have a?

Back 92

Circulating feed or Loop line

Hint 92

184

Front 93

A distribution system that provides circulating feed from several mains constitutes as?

Back 93

Grid system

(Lateral feeders for improved distribution)

Front 94

In a grid system what is a Large main that convey large quantities of water to various points of the system for local distribution to the smaller mains

Back 94

Primary feeders

Hint 94

184

Front 95

In a grid system what uses intermediate sized pipes that reinforce the grid within the various loops of the primary feeder system and aid the concentration of the required fire flow at any point

Back 95

Secondary feeder

Hint 95

184

Front 96

In a grid system what is the grid arrangement of smaller mains serving individual fire hydrants and blocks of consumers

Back 96

Distributors

Hint 96

185

Front 97

Where are larger mains found

Back 97

Industrial and business districts, principal streets connected to smaller mains serving specific neighborhoods or development

Hint 97

185

Front 98

In a water distribution system what provides the means for controlling the flow of water through distribution piping

Back 98

Valve

Hint 98

185

Front 99

Where should valves be placed in a distribution system

Back 99

Frequent intervals so small districts are cut off if it were necessary to stop flow at specific points

Hint 99

186

Front 100

What is one of the most important factors of a water supply system

Back 100

The water departments ability to promptly operate the valves during an emergency

Hint 100

186

Front 101

What kind of valve shows whether the gate valve seat is open, closed or partially closed.

Back 101

Indicating valve

Hint 101

186

Front 102

What are 2 common indicating valves

Back 102

Post indicating and os&y

Found on sprinklers and some water distribution system applications

Hint 102

186

Front 103

On the os&y system if the thread portion is outside the yoke then the system is

Back 103

Open

Hint 103

186

Front 104

One of the most common type of valve used on public water distribution systems normally found in manholes or in valve boxes

Back 104

Non indicating

Hint 104

186

Front 105

A below grade valve can be operated aboveground by

Back 105

Using a socket wrench on a reach rod

Hint 105

187

Front 106

When opening non indicating valves sometimes they are clockwise or counter

Back 106

.

Front 107

Control valves in public water distribution systems are normally gate valves. If a valve resists turning it usually means?

Back 107

Dabris or obstruction

Hint 107

187

Front 108

The average daily consumption in a water system capacity means

Back 108

Average amount of water per day used in a year

Front 109

Maximum daily consumption in a water system capacity means

Back 109

Maximum amount of water used in a 24 hour interval within a 3 year period

Hint 109

188

Front 110

The peak hour consumption in a water system capacity means

Back 110

Maximum amount of water used in a 1 hours interval over the course of the day

Hint 110

188

Front 111

Private water supply systems exists for one of the following purposes

Back 111

To provide water for sanitary and fire protection purposes, to provide water for Fire Protection in manufacturing process. Sometimes for residential