Princeton Review Psychology Gre - Chapter 19 (Measurement)

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Alfred Binet

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- Developed both the concept of the IQ and the first intelligence test (Binet scale).
- IQ is sitll most commonly computerd by Binet's equation: (mental age/chronological age) x 100. Mental age is hte age level of a person's functioning according to the IQ test. The highest chronological age used in the computation is 16. After that, intelligence seems to stop developing; therefore, to use adult ages would unnecessarily decrease the IQ ratio.

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Mean IQ of Americans

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- Is 100, with a standard deviation of 15 or 16, depending on the test

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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

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- Is the revised version of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test.
- LEWIS TERMAN of Stanford University was the first to revise it, hence the name.
- The Stanford-Binet is used with children and is organized by age level. OF all the intelligence tests, the Stanford-Binet is the best known predictor of future academic achievement.
- Terman is also famous for his studies with gifted children and for the finding that children with higher IQs are better adjusted.

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scal (WAIS)

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- Is the most commonly used intelligence test for adults.
- Like all of the Wechsler intelligence tests, it is organized by subtests that provide subscales and identify problem areas.
- The version in current use is called the WAIS-III (third edition)

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Wechsler Intelligence Scal for Children (WISC-R)

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- Is for children aged six to sixteen.

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Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)

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- Is for children aged four to six.

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Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test

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- For children is notable for its (relatively) cross-cultural application and simple directions: "Make a picture of a man. Make the very best picture that you can." Children are scored based on detail and accuracy, not artistic talent.

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IQ Correlates...

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- Correlates most positively with IQ of biological parents (not adoptive parents) and socioeconomic status of parents (measured by either income or job-type).

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John Horn and Raymond Cattell

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- Found that FLUID INTELLIGENCE (knowing how to do something) declines with old age while CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE (known a fact) does not

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Robert Zajonc

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- Studied the relationship between birth order and intelligence.
- He found that firstborns were slightly more intelligent than secondborns and so on. He also found that the more children present in a family, the less intelligent they were likely to be. This relationship seems to also be affected by the spacing of the children, with greater spaces between children leading to higher intelligence.

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Achievement Tests

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- Measure how well you know a particular subject. They measure past learning.

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Aptitute Tests

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- Supposedly measure your innate ability to learn (but this is constantly debated). These tests are intended to predict later performance.

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Objective Tests

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- Do not allow subjects to make up their own answers, so these tests are relatively structured.

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Structured Tests

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- Are often seen as more objectively scored than PROJECTIVE TESTS. Most objective tests are self-reported - in other words, the subject records her own responses. However, these tests are not completely objective, because any self-report measure allows for the subject to bias her answers.

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Q-sort or Q-measure Technique

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- Is the process of sorting cards into a normal distribution. Each card has a different statement on it pertaining to personality. The subject places the cards that he is neutral about at the hump of the curve. Toward one end, he places cards that he deems "very characteristic" of himself, and toward the other end, he places the "not characteristic" cards.

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

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- Was originally created to determine mental illness, but is now used as a personality measure.
- The MMPI consists of 550 "true/false/not sure" questions. Most notably, the MMPI contains items (such as "I would like to ride a horse") that have been foudn to discriminate between different disorders and that subjects could not "second guess." The test has high validity primarily because it was constructed with highly discriminatory items and because it has three VALIDITY SCALES (questions that assess lying, carelessness, and faking).

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California Personality Inventory (CPI)

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- Is a personality measure generally used for more "normal" and less clinical groups than the MMPI.
- It was developed by Harrison Gough at University of California, Berkeley.

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Julian Rotter

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- Created the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale to determine whether a person feels responsible for the things that happen (internal) or that he has no control over the events in life (external).

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Projective Tests

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- Allow the subject to create his own answer, thus facilitating the expression of conflicts, needs, and impulses.
- The content of the response is interpreted by the test administrator.
- Some projective tests are scored more objectively than others.

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Rorschach Inkblot Test

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- Requires that the subject describe what he sees in each of ten inkblogs.
- Scoring is complex.
- The validity of the test is questionable, but its fame is not.

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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- Is made up of 31 cards (1 blank and 30 with pictures). The pictures show various interpersonal scenes (two people facing each other).
- The subject tells a story about each of the cards, which reveals aspects of her personality.
- The TAT is often used to emasure need for achievement. NEEDS, PRESS, and PERSONOLOGY are terms that go along with interpretin the test.

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Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study

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- Consists of cartoons in which one person is frustrating another person.
- The subject is asked to describe how the frustrated person responds.

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Word Association Test

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- Was originally used in conjunction with free-association techniques.
- A word is called out by a psychologist, and the subject says the next word thatcomes to mind.

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Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank

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- Is similar to word association. Subjects finish incomplete sentences.

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Draw-A-Person Test

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- Asks the subject to draw a person of each sex and to tell a story about them.

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Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

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- Is not used to diagnose depression. Rather, it is widely used to assess the severity of depression that has already been diagnosed. The BDI allows a therapist or researcher to follow the course of a person's depression.

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Empirical-Keying or Criterion-Keying Approach

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- to constructing assessment instruments involves the selection of items that can discriminate between various groups.
- An individuals' responses to the items determine if he is like a particular group or not.
- The STRONG-CAMPBELL INTEREST INVENTORY is an example of this.

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Vocational Tests

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- Assess to what extent an individual's interests and strengths match those already found by professionals in a particular job field.

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Walter Mischel

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- Was extremely critical of personality trait-theory and of personality tests in general. He felt that situations (not traits) decide actions.

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Anne Anastasi

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- Researched intelligence in relation to performance.

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F-Scale or F-Ratio

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- Is a measurement of fascism or authoritarian personality

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Bayley Scales of Infant Development

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- Not intelligence tests.
- They measure the sensory and motor development of infants in order to identify mentally retarded children. The Bayley scales are poor predictors of later intelligence.