Princeton Review Psychology Gre - Chapter 12 (Clinical Psychology)

Front 1

Thanatos

Back 1

- the death instinct in Freud's psychoanalytic theory

Front 2

Eros

Back 2

- the life instinct in psychanalytic theory
- includes sex and love

Front 3

Psychoanalytic abnormal theory

Back 3

- pathological behavior, dreams, and unconsious behavior are all symptoms of underlying, unresolved conflict, which are manifested when the ego does not find acceptable ways to express conflict
- this is called PSYCHIC DETERMINISM

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Psychanalytic Therapy

Back 4

- a patient is usually seen four to five times per week and often for many years

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Free association

Back 5

- the central process in which a patient reports throughts without censure or guidance
- because unconscious material is always looking for a way out, the patient can uncover and express repressed material through free association
- this discharge is called CATHARSIS or ABREACTION

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Transference

Back 6

- when patients react to the therapist much like they react to their parents
- the therapist-patient relationship then serves as a metaphor for the patients' repressed emotions about their parents and, thus, as a way of examining those unconsious feelings

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Countertransference

Back 7

- refers to how a therapist feels about his or her patient

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Goal of psychoanalytic therapy

Back 8

- aims to lessen the unconsious pressures on the individual by making as much fo this material conscious as possible
- this will allow the ego to be a better mediator of forces

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Aggression

Back 9

- a central force in humans that must find a socially acceptable outlet

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Repression-denial

Back 10

- a defence mechanism
- not allowing threatening material into awareness

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Rationalization

Back 11

- a defence mechanism
- justifying or rationalizing behavior or feelings that cause guilt

Front 12

Projection

Back 12

- accusing others of having one's own unacceptable feelings

Front 13

Displacement

Back 13

- shifting unacceptable feelings or actions to a less threatening recipient

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Reaction formation

Back 14

- Embracing feelings or behaviors opposite to the true threatening feelings that one has

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Compensation

Back 15

- Excelling in one area to make up for shortcomings in another

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Sublimation

Back 16

- Chaneling threatening drives into acceptable outlets (i.e. art)

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Undoing

Back 17

- Performing an often ritualistic activity in order to relieve anxiety about unconscious drives

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Identification

Back 18

- Imitating a central figure in one's life, such as a parent

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Dreams

Back 19

- have MANIFEST CONTENT and LATENT CONTENT
- a safe outlet for unconsious material and wish fulfillment

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Pleasure Principle

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- Also known as PRIMARY PROCESS
- the human motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain

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Reality Principle

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- Also known as SECONDARY PROCESS
- is guided by the ego and responds to the demands of the environment by delaying gratification

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Screen memory

Back 22

- Memories that serve as representatives of important childhood experiences

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Individual theory

Back 23

- Alfred Adler
- people are viewed as creative, social, and whoel, as opposed to Freud's more negative and structural approach
- Adler described people in the process of realizing themselves or of "becoming"
- During this journey, the individual is motived by SOCIAL NEEDS and feelings of INFERIORITY
- a healthy individual will pursue goals in spite of feelings of inferiority
- a healthy individual has a WILL TO POWER and pursues goals that are beneficial to society

Front 24

Individual theory and abnormal theory

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- unhealthy individuals are too much affected by inferior feelings ot pursue the will to power
- they may make excuses or have a "yes, but" mentality
- if they do pursue goals, however, these are likely to be self-serving and egotistical

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Individual theory and therapy

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- Adlerian therapy is a PSYCHODYNAMIC approach in which unconsious feelings do play a role.
- More importantly, however, is the examination of a person's lifestyle and choices.
- Adlerian therapy aims to REDUCE FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY and to FOSTER SOCIAL INTEREST and SOCIAL CONTRIBUTION in patients

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Adler's personality typology

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1) Ruling-dominant type (choleric) - high in activity but low in social contribution; dominant
2) Getting-leaning type (phlegmatic) - Low in activity and high in social contribution; dependent
3) Avoiding type (melancholic) - Low in activity and low in social contribution; withdrawn
4) Socially useful type (sanguine) - High in actiity and high in social contribution; healthy

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Analytic Theory

Back 27

- founded by Carl Jung
- postulated that the PSYCHE was directed twoard LIFE AND AWARENESS (rather than sex)

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Jung's View of the Unconscious

Back 28

1) Personal Unconsious - material from an individuals' own experiences; this can become consious
2) Collective unconsious - dynamics of the psyche inherited from ancestors - this is common to all people and contains the ARCHETYPES

Front 29

Archetype

Back 29

- universally meaningful concepts, passed down since the beginning of man
- allow us to organize our experiences iwth consistent themes and are indicated by cross-cultural similarity in symbols, folklore, and myths

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Persona

Back 30

- an archetype
- a person's outer mask, the mediator to the external world
- this is symbolized in culture by masks

Front 31

Shadow

Back 31

- an archetype
- a person's dark side, often projected onto others
- symbolized in cultures by devils and evil spirits

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Anima

Back 32

- the female elements that a man possesses
- complements his own maleness

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Animus

Back 33

- the male elements that a female possesses
- this complements her own femaleness

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Self

Back 34

- The full individual potential
- symbolized in cultures by figures such as Buddha or Jesus and by the MANDALA

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Analytic Theory and Therapy

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- The approach is psychodynamic because unconscious elements are addressed.
- In order to become more aware, unconscious material is explored through the analysis of an individuals' dreams, artwork, and personal symbols. These are all unconsious message expressing themselves.

Front 36

Client-Centred Theory

Back 36

- Founded by CARL ROGERS
- Also known as PERSON-CENTRED or ROGERIAN theory
- is humanistic in that ti has an optimistic outlook on human nature.
- its main tenet is taht individuals have an ACTUALIZING TENDENCY that can direct them out of conflict and toward their full potential

Front 37

Client-Centred Theory and Abnormal Theory

Back 37

- People who LACK CONGRUENCE between their real selves and their conscious self-concept develop psychological tension.
- Incongruence occurs when feelings or experiences are inconsistent with the acknowledged concept of the self.
- For example, a self-concept that one is perfect will be shaken by experiences of failure.

Front 38

Client-centered theory and therapy

Back 38

- therapy is directed by the client, who decides how often to meet and what to discuss in session
- the therapist is NON-DIRECTIVE, providing only an atmosphere for the client's self-exploration
- The therapist should provide: 1) EMPATHY (therapist should appreciate rather than just observe the client's world...stand in the shoes of the client), 2) UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD (facilitates a trusting and safe environment) and 3) GENUINENESS/CONGRUENCE (no professional reserve)

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Goal of client-centered therapy

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- to provide a trusting atmosphere in which the client can engage in self-directed growth and tap his own "vast resources"
- evidence of growth includes a congruent self-concept, positive self-regard, an internal locus-of-evaluation, and willingness to experience

Front 40

Criticisms of client-centered theory

Back 40

- Rogers used no diagnostic tools because he believed that client-centered therapy applied to any psychological problem. Many disagree with this notion.

Front 41

Behavior theory

Back 41

- founded by B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, and Joseph Wolpe
- is the application of classical and operant conditioning principles to human abnormal behavior
- it is a model of behavior based on learning
- RADICAL BEHAVIORISM is associated with Skinner's operant ideas that behavior is related only to its consequences
- NEOBEHAVIORISM uses Pavlov's classical counterconditioning principles to create new responses to stimuli

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Behaviorism and abnormal theory

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- Abnormal behavior is simply the result of LEARNING

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Behaviorism and therapy

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- therapy is generally short-term and directed
- thoughts, feelings and unconscious motivations are not addressed
- the therapist uses specific COUNTERCONDITIONING techniques to foster the leraning of new responses in the client

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Systematic Desnsitation

Back 44

- Developed by Joseph Wolpe
- Applies CLASSICAL conditioning in order to relieve anxiety
- the client is given repeated exposure to the anxiety-producing stimulus in a relaxing situation
- the first step is often IMAGERY (imagining the stimulus)
- eventually the anxiety response will be extinguished

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Flooding or Implosive Therapy

Back 45

- aplies CLASSICAL conditioning in order to relieve anxiety
- the client is repeatedly exposed to an anxiety-producing stimulus, so that, eventually, the overexposure simply leads to lessened anxiety

Front 46

Aversion therapy

Back 46

-

Front 47

Aversion therapy

Back 47

- employs the operant principle of negative reinforcement to increase anxiety
- an anxiety-reaction is created where there previously were none
- this is generally used to treat fetishes

Front 48

Shaping

Back 48

- uses OPERANT conditioning to change behavior
- the client is reinforced for behaviors that come closer and closer to the desired action

Front 49

Modeling

Back 49

- employs SOCIAL LEARNING principles
- this method exposes the client to more adaptive behaviors

Front 50

Assertiveness training

Back 50

- provides tools and experience through which the client can become more assertive

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Role playing

Back 51

- allows a client to practice new behaviors and responses

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Goal of behavior therapy

Back 52

- to change behavior in the desired or adaptive direction
- has been extremely successful in treating phobias, fetishes, obsessive-compulsive disorder, sexual problems and childhood disorders

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Criticisms of behavior therapy

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- has been accused of treating the symptoms rather than the underlying problem

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Cognitive Theory

Back 54

- Founded by AARON BECK
- gives CONSCIOUS THOUGHT PATTERNS (as opposed to emotions or behaviors) the starring role in people's lives
- Beck posited that thoughts determined feeligns and behavior. The way a person interprets experience, rather than the experience itself, is what's important.

Front 55

Cognitive abnormal theory

Back 55

- Maladaptive congnitions lead to abnormal behavior or disturbed affect

Front 56

Arbitrary inference

Back 56

- cognitive
- Drawing a conclusion without solid evidence. i.e. "My boss thinks I'm stupid because he never asks me to play golf."

Front 57

Overgeneralization

Back 57

- cognitive theory
- Mistaking isolated incidents for the norm. i.e. "No one will ever want to be with me."

Front 58

Magnifying/minimizing

Back 58

- cognitive theory
- Making too much or little of something: "It was luck that I did well on my exam."

Front 59

Personalizing

Back 59

- cognitive theory
- Inappropriately taking responsibility: "Our office's failed project was all my fault."

Front 60

Dichotomous thinking

Back 60

- cognitive theory
- Black and white thinking: "If I don't score 750 on the GRE, I'll have no future."

Front 61

Cognitive Triad

Back 61

- negative views about the self, the world, and the future that cause depression
- the BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY (BDI) measures such views and is used to gauge the severity of diagnosed depression.

Front 62

Cognitive Theory and Therapy

Back 62

- DIRECTED therapy helps to expose and restrucutre maladaptive thought and reasoning patterns
- this is usally SHORT-TERM therapy in which the therapist focuses on TANGIBLE EVIDENCE OF THE CLIENT'S LOGIC
- the goal of therapy is to correct maladaptive cognitions

Front 63

Criticisms of cognitive theory

Back 63

- cognitive theory addresses how a people thinks, rather than why the thought patterns were initially developed
- removing the symptoms may not cure the problem

Front 64

Rational-Emotive Theory

Back 64

- founded by ALBERT ELLIS
- includes elements of cognitive, behavioral, and emotion theory

Front 65

Rational-Emotive Abnormal Theory

Back 65

- posits that psychological tensions is created when an Activating event (A) occurs, and a client applies certain Beliefs (B) about the event, and this leads to the Consequence (C) of emotional disruption

Front 66

Rational-Emotive Therapy

Back 66

- therapy is highly directive
- the therapist leads the client to Dispute (D) the previously applied irrational beliefs
- the goal of therapy is for Effective rational beliefs (E) to replace previous self-defeating ones. Then a client's thoughts, feelings and behaviors can coexist

Front 67

Criticisms of Rational-Emotive Therapy

Back 67

- like cognitive and behavior therapy, RET has been called too sterile and mechanistic

Front 68

Gestalt Theory

Back 68

- Founded by Fritz Perls, Max Wertheimer, and Kurt Koffka
- encourages people to stand apart from beliefs, biases, and attitudes derived from the past
- the goal is to fully experience and perceive the present in order to become a whole and integrated person

Front 69

Gestalt Abnormal Theory

Back 69

- Abnormal behavior is derived from DISTURBANCES OF AWARENESS
- the client may not have INSIGHT (the ability to see how all the pieces of experience fit together), or the client may not fully experience his present situation (choosing not to acknowledge certain aspects of the situation)

Front 70

Gestalt Therapy

Back 70

- the therapist engages in a DIALOGUE with the client, rather than leading the client toward any particular goal
- the client learns from the shared dialogue
- together they focus on the here-and-now experience, rather than talking about the past
- the goal of therapy is exploration of awareness and full experiencing of the present

Front 71

Criticisms of Gestalt Therapy

Back 71

- the therapy is not suited for low-functioning or disturbed clients

Front 72

Existential Theory

Back 72

- founded by VIKTOR FRANKL
- revolves around age-old philosophical issues, particularly the issue of MEANING
- according to existential theory, a person's greatest struggles are those of BEING vs. NON-BEING and of MEANINGFULNESS vs. MEANINGLESSNESS
- Frankl called this "Will to meaning"

Front 73

Rollo May

Back 73

- a mahor contributor to existential therapy

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Existential Abnormal Theory

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- the response to perceived meaningleness in life is neurosis or NEUROTIC ANXIETY (as opposed to normal or justified anxiety)

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Existential Therapy

Back 75

- is talking therapy in which deep questions relating to the client's perception and meaning of existence are discussed
- the goal is to increase a client's sense of being and meaningfulness. This will alleviate neurotic anxiety

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Criticisms of existential theory

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- this therapy has been called to abstract for severely disturbed individuals

Front 77

Psychopharmacology

Back 77

- aims to affect neurotransmitters
- the most common neurotransmitters acted upon are dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
- all of the above are MONOAMINES

Front 78

Antipsychotics

Back 78

- the first drugs used for pscyhopathology
- were used to treat positive symptoms of schizophreniz, such as delusions and hallucinations, by blocking DOPAMINE receptors and inhibiting dopamine production
- Examples include chlorpromazine (Thorzine) and haloperidol (Haldol)

Front 79

Antimaniacs

Back 79

- drugs of choice to manage bipolar disorder
- they inhibit monoamines such as norepinephine and serotonin, based on the theory that mania results from excessive monoamines
- example: Lithium

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Antidepressants

Back 80

- reduce depressive symptoms by taking the opposite action of antimaniacs
- the theory is that abnormally low levels of monoamines cause depression
- MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS (MAOI) - e.g. phrenelzine (Nardil)
- Selective serotoninin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) - act only on serotonin and so are a great step forward for specific drug effects. e.g. fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil) and sertraline (Zoloft)
- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Have a tricyclic chemical structure. e.g. amitriptyline (Elavil)

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Anxiolytics

Back 81

- used to reduce anxiety or induce sleep
- have a high potential for causing habituation and addiction
- e.g. barbiturates and benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax)

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Antabuse

Back 82

- drug that changes the metapolism of alcohol, resulting in severe nausea nad vomiting when combined with alcohol
- can be used to countercondition alcoholics

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Hans Eysenck

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- criticized the effectiveness of psychotherapy after analyzing studies that indicated psychotherapy was no more succesful than no treatment at all
- other studies have since contradicted this point

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Anna Freud

Back 84

- applied Freudian ideas to child psychology and development

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Melanie Klein

Back 85

- pioneered OBJECT-RELATIONS THEORY and psychoanalysis with children

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Neo-Freudians

Back 86

- Karen Horney - emphasized culture and society over instinct. She suggested that neuroticisms is expressed as movement toward, against and away from people.
- Harry Stack Sullivan - emphasized social and interpersonal relationships

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Psychodynamic theory

Back 87

- a general term that refers to theories that emphsize the role of the unconsious

Front 88

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Back 88

- employs principles from cognitive and behavioral theory

Front 89

Humanistic theory

Back 89

- a general term that refers to theories (such as client-centered, Gestalt, or existential) that emphasize the positive, evolving, free will in people. This type of theory is optimistic about human nature. It is also known as "Third Force" in psychotherapy in reaciton to psychoanalysis and behavioralism

Front 90

Abraham Maslow

Back 90

- leader of teh humanistic movement
- best known not for any contribution to therapy, but for his pyramid-like HIERARCHY OF NEEDS, which really pertains to human motivation, with self-actualization at the top

Front 91

Play therapy

Back 91

- used with child clients
- during play a child client may convey emotions, situations, or disturbances that might otherwise go unexpressed

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Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

Back 92

- delivers electric current to the brain and induces convulsions
- an effective intervention for severely depressed patients

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Family therapy

Back 93

- treats a family together and views the whole family as the client

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Stress-inoculation

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- developed by DONALD MEICHENBAUM, prepares people for foreseeable stressors

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Neil Miller

Back 95

- proved experimentally that abnormal behavior can be learned

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Evidence-based treatment

Back 96

- refers to treatment that has been shown to produce results in empircal research studies
- many clinics and researchers argue that only treatment that has been shown to work in research is ethical
- other clinics and researchers argue that controlled experiments are nothing like a real treatment environment and so the results are not as useful as one might suppose