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25 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Means of introducing new genetic material into bacterial cells:
Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation
Conjugation-
Mating involving F(+) cell (or Hfr cell) and F(-) cell.
Transduction-
The infection of a bacterium by a bacterial virus (bacteriophage)
Transformation-
Which is stable introduction of free DNA into the bacterium.
Antibiotic:
-Defined as a metabolic product of one organism that, inu very small amounts, is detrimental or inhibitory to microorganisms.
-
Light Source-
This is built into the base with a lens that focuses light onto the condenser underneath the stage.
Condenser-
If present, this contains a system of lenses that focuses light on the object placed on the stage. Condensers can be either movable or fixed.
Iris Diaphragm-
Used to adjust the amount of light striking the object. It can be opened or closed using the lever on the side of the condenser.
Stage-
Holds the slide to be viewed. The stage can be moved verticall by turning the coarse adjustment knob and the fine adjustment knob.
Stage clips-
HOlds teh slide so that it can be moved by hand.
Base and arm-
These support parts of the microschope; these also allow for easy carrying and stability during use.
Objective lenses-
Mounted on a revolving nosepiece or turret. Most new microscopes are parfocal; that is, when an object is in focus with one lens, the lenses can be changed without completely losing focus. Each objective contains a complex lens system. The lens closest to the specimen produces the magnification. Magnification is indicated on the side of the objective.
Resolving power (R) is dependent on what three factors?
-Angular aperture(θ)
-Refractive index(n)
-Wavelength of light(λ)
Angular aperture-
Note the cone of ligth entering the objective. The optimum value for θ is the angle that produces a cone of light whose diameter just matches the diameter of the objective.
Refractive index-
The medium through which the light must travel will affect the shape of the cone of ligth that thus resolution. Air has a refractive index of n=1. Oil has a greater refractive index than air (n=1.5) and is often used to increase resolution of the microscope at higher powers by increasing the angle of teh cone of light that passes into the objective.
Wavelength of light(λ)
The shorter the wavelength of light, the greater is the resolution of the objective. The value of λ can be changed by using colored filters.
Resolving poer expression:
R= λ/(2(n * sin θ))
Numerical aperture (NA)
(n * sin θ)
R= λ/(2NA)
Osmosis-
Specialized type of diffusion. It is the process where water diffuses from high water content (low solute) to low water content (high solute).
Hypertonic-
The solution on one side of the membrane contains a greater concentration of substance compared to the other.
Isotonic-
Equal amounts of the substance are found on each side of the membrane.
Hypotonic-
The solution on one side of the membrane contains a lower concentration of a substance compared to the other.
Diffusion-
Substances may move across the membrane by diffusion. In the context of memebranes, diffusion is the movement of molecules across a membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Simple diffusion-
Where the diffusing substance passes directly through the phosopholipid bilayer.
Facilitated diffusion-
Diffusing substance is helped across the tightly packed hydrophobic interior of the bilayer by a specific transport protein.