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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is healing
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the act or process in which the normal structural and functional characteristics of health are restored to diseased, dysfunctional or damaged tissues, organs or systems of the body
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healing after radiation can occur by what 2 processes
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regeneration
repair |
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what is regeneration
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refers to the replacement of damaged cells by the same cell type
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regeneration results in
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partial or total reversal of radiation changes
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regeneration is likely to occur in what organs
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skin
small intestine bone marrow |
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regeneration occurs in organs that are
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actively dividing
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what is repair
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refers to replacement of damaged cells by a different cell type, resulting in scar formation or fibrosis
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repair occurs after how many cGy
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1000cGy
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repair occurs predominantly in what kind of organs
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radioresistant
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what organs are involved in repair
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liver cells
mature lymphocytes nerve cells muscle cells erythrocytes spermatozoa |
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if repair cannot occur you get
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necrosis
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what is necrosis
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localized tissue death that occurs in groups of cells in response to disease or injury
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what is coagulation necrosis
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blood clot blocks the flow of blood causing tissue ischemia distal to the clot
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what is gangrenous necrosis
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ischemia with bacterial infection
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what is erythema
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redness or inflammation of the skin that is the result of dilation and congestion of superficial capillaries
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what is desquamation
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normal process in which cornified layer of epidermis is sloughed
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atrophy
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wasting or decrease in size of a part of the body b/c of disease or other influences
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what is mature depletion
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refers to the depletion of mature sperm after irradiation of the testes
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what is parenchyma
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functional components of an organ
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what is parenchymal cell
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any cell that is a functional element of an organ
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late changes are usually consequence of
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early changes that were irreversible
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what are the 4 acute changes
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inflammation
edema hemorrhage sloughing of mucosal surfaces |
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what are the top 5 acutely responding tissues
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bone marrow
ovary-testes lymph nodes salivary gland small bowel |
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what are the 6 subacutely responding tissues
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lung
liver kidney heart spinal cord brain |
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subacute reactions can turn into
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chronic
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what are the 6 chronic changes
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fibrosis
atrophy ulceration stricture stenosis obstruction |
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what is the most severe late response
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necrosis
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that probability or chronic changes occuring depends on what 3 things
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dose administered
volume irradiated healing ability of irradiated structure |
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rate of response depends mostly on
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cell cycle or generation times of parenchymal cells
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what are the primary chronic effects
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depletion of nonparenchymal cells
permanent irreversible and most likely progressive function of healing |
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what are secondary chronic effects
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consequence of a severe acute effect
permanent irreversible and most likely progressive function of healing |
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what 5 things make up the hemopoietic system
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bone marrow
peripheral blood lymph nodes spleen thymus |
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what two kinds of marrow make up bone marrow
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red and yellow marrow
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what is the major component in red marrow
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stem cells
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what is major function of red marrow
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supply mature function cell to system
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what is yellow marrow
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fat cells
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what is the primary effect of radiation on the bone marrow
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decrease in stem cells
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doses as low as ______ can lead to decrease stem cell count but usually complete recovery
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100cGy
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erythroblasts are precursors to
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red blood cells
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myelocytes are precursors to
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white blood cells
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megakaryocytes are precursors to
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platelets
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which are the most sensitive
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erythroblasts
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which are moderately sensitive
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myelocytes
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which are least sensitive
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megakaryocytes
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cells in circulating blood are resistant to radiation with the exception of
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lymphocytes
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what is the life span of granulocytes
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24 hours
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what is the erythrocytes life span
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120 days
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effects of lymphocytes occur at minimum dose of
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10cGy
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effects of neutrophils occur at minimal dose of
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50cGy
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effects of platelets occur at minimal dose of
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greater 50cGy
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effects of erythrocytes occur at minimal dose of
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greater than 50cGy
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what are the 2 layers of skin
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epidermis
dermis |
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what is the epidermis
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outermost layer
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what does epidermis consist of
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mature non dividing cells at surface
immature dividing cells at base |
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what does dermis contain
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vasculature and accessory structures
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what are the 3 early changes of skin
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inflammation
erythema desquamation |
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what are the 5 chronic skin changes
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atrophy
fibrosis changes in pigmentation ulceration necrosis |
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early skin changes can occur at doses ranging from
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100-1000cGy
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the higher the volume..
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the lower the dose
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what is the digestive system
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alimentary canal which includes the oral cavity to the rectum
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what is the digestive system lined with
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mucous membrane
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in digestive system we have what kind of cells
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radioresistant and radiosensitive
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doses as low as ___ can cause digestive problems
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10-20Gy
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what are the 2 early effects of GI system
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mucositis
esophagitis |
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what are the 4 chronic effects of GI system
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atrophy
ulceration fibrosis stricture |
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early effects of GI system will heal through
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regeneration
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early effects of GI system will heal at doses below
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1000cGy
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what is the most radiosensitive portion of GI tract
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small bowel
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what is small bowel lined with
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villi
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radiation damage of small bowel is a result of
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direct damage to crypt cells
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doses above ____ will flatten out villi
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1000cGy
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doses above 1000cGy to villi will cause what
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ulceration
hemorrhage fibrosis necrosis |
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what is TD 5/5 of esophagus whole organ
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5500cGy
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what is TD5/5 of stomach whole organ
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5000cGy
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what is TD5/5 of small bowel
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4000cGy
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what is TD5/5 of colon
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4500cGy
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what is TD5/5 of rectum
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6000cGy
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most tissues of the male reproductive system are considered
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radioresistant
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temporary sterility of males happens at what dose
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250cGy
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permanent sterility of males occurs at what dose
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500-600cGy
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doses less than ___ cause temporary sterility in females
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300cGy
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what dose causes permanent sterility in females
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600cGy
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what is sensitivity of small follicles
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most resistant
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what is sensitivity of medium follicles
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most sensitive
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what is sensitivity of large follicles
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intermediate sensitivity
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what dose causes 100% cataract formation
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700cGy
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cataracts are considered what kind of effects
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late effects
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what is the TD5/5 of lens
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1000cGy
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what is TD5/5 of retina
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4500cGy
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what is the cardiovascular system
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common target of radiation induced damage
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what are the 4 effects on CVS
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vessel occlusion
petechial hemorrhages telangiectasia vessel sclerosis |
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what is the TD5/5 of the heart whole organ
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4000cGy
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what happens to heart at doses above 4000cGy
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pericarditis
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mature bone and cartilage are
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radioresistant
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what are the 3 effects of radiation on growing bone and cartilage
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cessation of bone growth
altered shape and sizes of bone scoliosis |
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what sensitivity is the liver
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moderately sensitive
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what is TD5/5 of liver
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3000cGy
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what are the 3 chronic changes to the liver
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radiation hepatitis
impaired liver function liver failure and jaundice |
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what sensitivity are lungs
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moderately radiosensitive
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what are the 2 early changes to lung
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inflammation
radiation pneumonitis |
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what is the chronic change to lung
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chronic pulmonary fibrosis
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what is TD5/5 of lung
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1750cGy
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what is sensitivity of kidney
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moderately radiosensitive
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what is early change to kidneys
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edema
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what are 4 chronic changes to kidney
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atrophy
fibrosis hypertension renal failure |
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what is kidney TD5/5
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2300cGy
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what is central nervous system composed of
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brain and spinal cord
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what is sensitivity of CNS
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radioresistant
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what are early changes to CNS
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inflammation
edema |
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what are chronic changes to CNS
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fibrosis
necrosis |
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changes to CNS occur after doses greater than
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1000cGy
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what is inflammation of spinal cord called
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myelitis
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late radiation necrosis of brain occurs at what dose
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5000cGy
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spinal cord responses varies depending on what 2 things
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total volume treated
location |
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what is TD5/5 of whole brain
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4500cGy
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what is TD5/5 of spinal cord
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4700cGy
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