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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do some organisms convert to make chemical energy in food
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Sunlight
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What part of foods is used for chemical energy
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Sugars and other organic molecules
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A plant that makes its own food
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Autotroph
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What does autotroph mean in Greek
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Self-feeder
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What do plants use the sun's energy to convert into sugars
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Water and carbon dioxide
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What is the process called when plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars
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Photosynthesis
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What does photosynthesis mean in Greek
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Photo = light
Synthesis = making something |
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Are autotrophs "producers" or "consumers"
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Producers
Because they produce the organic molecules for food |
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What are the major "producers" on land and in water
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Land = plants
In water = algae and photosynthetic bacteria |
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Organisms that cannot make their own food are called
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Heterotrophs = other eaters
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Are humans autotrophs or heterotrops
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Heterotrophs
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Are heterotrophs producers or consumers
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Consumers
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What do most producers depend on to make energy
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Sunlight
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Chemical process that uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules to ATP
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Cellular respiration
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What does ATP stand for
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Adenosine TriPhosphate
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What do cells in plants and animals use for their main energy supply
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ATP
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Photosynthesis and cellular respiration use what set of chemicals
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Water
Carbon dioxide Oxygen Glucose |
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What chemicals are used for photosynthesis
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Water
Carbon dioxide |
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What do plants use for energy to change water and carbon dioxide
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Sunlight
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Photosynthesis uses sunlight to change water and carbon dioxide into what
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Glucose and oxygen
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Oxygen is used during cellular respiration to release what
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Oxygen releases the energy stored in Glucose
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When energy is released during cellular respiration, what do the cells produce
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Chemical energy stored in ATP
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What kind of energy is used for photosynthesis
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Light energy from the sun
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What are the products of photosynthesis
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Glucose and oxygen
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What are the products of cellular respiration
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Carbon dioxide and water
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What is the ability to perform work
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Energy
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Two basic forms of energy
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Kinetic and potential
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Energy of motion
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Kinetic energy
Kinetic is Greek for "motion" |
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Energy that is stored due to an object's position or arrangement
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Potential energy
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Does climbing higher increase or decrease your potential energy
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Increase
Because you have more force of gravity the higher up you are |
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What kind of energy is random molecular motion
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Thermal energy
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Thermal energy that is transferred from a warmer object to a cooler one
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Heat
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What kind of energy comes from organic compounds in food
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Chemical energy
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What kinds of organic molecules are high in chemical energy
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Carbohydrates
Fats Proteins |
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During cellular respiration, what percent of food do cells convert into useful energy
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40%
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What does the body do with the 60% of energy from food that it doesn't use
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60% is converted to thermal energy and lost by body heat, sweating
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When you just sit in class, you radiate how much heat
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Like a 100 watt lightbulb
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The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gm of water by 1 degree Celsius
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A calorie
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How is the energy content in food usually expressed
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Kilocalories
1 kilocalorie (kcal)=1000 cal |
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Which activity uses the most energy?
Biking, walking, running |
Biking
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In ATP, what is the adenosine made of
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Adenosine =
Adenine + Ribose |
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In ATP, what is the triphosphate made of
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3 phosphate groups in a tail
* Source of energy for most cellular work |
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An ATP molecule contains "potential energy". How is energy released?
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When a phosphate group is pulled away.
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ATP changes when a phosphate group is lost during a chemical reaction - what is the molecule then called
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ADP
Adenosine DiPhosphate |
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The cells perform what 3 main kinds of work
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Chemical
Mechanical Transport |
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What is an example of cellular chemical work
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Building large molecules like proteins
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What is an example of cellular mechanical work
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Moving a muscle by changing protein shapes
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What is an example of cellular transport work
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Pumping solutes across a membrane
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As cells do work, ATP is continuously converted to what
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ADP
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How is ADP restored to be ATP
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Add the third phosphate group
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ADP + Phosphate =
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ATP
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How many ATP molecules are used and recreated per second
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10 million
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ATP cycle uses energy from food to make what
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Energy for working cells
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The cells are like automobile engines. What process do the cells use for energy that is like a car's internal combusion process
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Cellular respiration
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Is cellular respiration anaerobic or aerobic
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Aerobic = requires oxygen
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During cellular respiration, what 2 gases are released
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Oxygen and carbon dioxide
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How is cellular respiration like breathing
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Cell Resp: Cell takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
Breathing: Lungs take in oxygen from the air into blood and blows off Carbon dioxide |
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How does breathing support cellular respiration
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Breathing provides the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
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What is a common fuel for cellular respiration
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Glucose
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In cellular respiration, atoms in glucose and oxygen are rearranged to form
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Carbon dioxide and water
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The main function of cellular respiration
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Make ATP for cellular work
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One glucose molecule can produce how many ATP molecules
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About 38
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Cellular respiration tranfers hydrogen and carbon from glucose to oxygen to form what
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Carbon dioxide and water
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Heterotrophs are called:
producers autotrophs consumers self-feeders |
Consumers
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What are the waste products of cellular respiration
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Carbon dioxide and water
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What is the "net gain" of ATP molecules produced directly by glycolysis
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2 ATP
Glycolysis produces 4 ATP, but 2 are used for the process, leaving only 2 |
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Which molecule accepts electrons from the final carrier in the electron transport chain
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Oxygen
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What are the 3 main stages of cellular respiration
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Glycolyis (breakdown glucose)
Krebs cycle Electron transport and ATP synthesis |
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How many ATP molecules are used to break down glucose
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2
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What molecules are the products of glycolysis
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2 pyruvic acid
2 NADH 4 ATP |
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Which molecule is the "carrier" in glycolysis
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NAD
Takes on hydrogen to become NADH |
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What process finishes the breakdown of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and releases more energy
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Krebs cycle
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Where are the enzymes used for the Krebs cycle
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Dissolved in the fluid matrix in a mitochondrion inner membrane
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How many times does the Krebs cycle turn for each glucose molecule
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2
Has to turn twice because glycolysis splits glucose into 2 pyruvic acids |
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Where does glycolysis take place
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Outside the mitochondria in the cytoplasm
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Pyruvic acid is not part of Kreb cycle. It loses a carbon dioxide molecule and becomes
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acetyl CoA
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What is the total carbon dioxide and ATP molecules produced by the Kreb cycle
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4 carbon dioxide
2 ATP |
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The final stage of cellular respiration takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. What are the 2 parts of this stage
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Electron transport chain and
ATP production by ATP synthase |
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NADH carrier molecule transfers electrons from sugar to the end of the chain where they are "grabbed" by what molecule
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Oxygen
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Electron transport chain releases energy to do what
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Pump hydrogen ions across the inner membrane
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Oxygen combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form
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Water
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What part of the mitochondria have protein structures that act like miniature turbine engines
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ATP synthases
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The ATP synthase generates what
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ATP from ADP
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The 3 stages of cellular respiration can produce a maximum of how many ATP per glucose molecule
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38
Glycolysis = 2 ATP Krebs cycle = 2 ATP ATP synthase = 34 Total = 38 |
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What is the function of cellular respiration
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Generate ATP for cellular work
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Most ATP production occurs after glycolysis and so the body must always have a fresh supply of what
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Oxygen
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If your body is using ATP faster than you have oxygen, can the cells produce ATP without oxygen
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Yes, for a short time
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What is the process by which cells make ATP without oxygen
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Fermentation
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How does the body use the chemical energey stored from food
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ATP cycle converts the energy
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Why does the ATP "tail" have more potential stored energy
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The phosphate groups are negatively charged and each negative group repels the other - causing energy
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Cells perform what 3 kinds of work
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Chemical work
Mechanical work Transport work |
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What is an example of cellular chemcical work
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Building a large molecule
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What is an example of cellular mechanical work
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Moving a muscle protein so the muscle can contract
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What is an example of cellular transport work
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Pumping solutes across a membrane
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Is APT recyclable?
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Yes. ATP can be restored from ADP by adding a 3rd phosphate group
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How fast does the cell recycle all of its APT
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Every minute or
10 million ATP molecules per second |
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How is cellular respiration related to breathing
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Both processes exchange 2 gasses.
Cell or lungs take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide in each process |
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A process that require oxygen is called
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Aerobic
Cellular respiration is aerobic |
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What is the common fuel for cellular respiration
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Glucose
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What is the main function of cellular respiration
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Generate ATP for cellular work
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What part of the cell is the key to cellular respiration
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Mitochondria
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What between the two layers or envelope around the mitochondria
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There is a space between the layers filled with thick fluid called the matrix
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Are most enzymes needed for cellular respiration in the inner or outer membrane of the mitochondria
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Most enzymes are in the folded inner layer so there are many sites for ATP reactions to occur
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A cell's chemical processes
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Metabolism
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What are the 3 main stages of cellular respiration
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Glycolysis
Krebs cycle Electron transport and ATP synthase |
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Process of breaking down a glucose molecule is called
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Glycolysis
"splitting of sugar" |
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How many ATP molecules are needed to start glycolysis
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2
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What are the products of gylcolysis
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2 pyruvic acid molecules
2 NADH molecules 4 ATP molecules |
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Fermentation in yeast produces
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Ethyl alcohol
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Fermentation in muscle cells produces what waste product
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Lactic acid
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What microscopic fungus is capable of both cellular respiration and fermentation
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Yeast
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Fermentation produces ethyl alcohol and releases what
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Carbon dioxide
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How is the carbon dioxide released during fermentation used?
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To make champagne and beer bubbles
To make air bubbles so bread rises |
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What foods are made by the lactic acid produced by fungi and bacteria during fermentation
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Change milk into cheese and yogurt
Soybeans - soy sauce Cabbage - sauerkraut |
