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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chest
Stridor, wheezing |
Upper airway obstruction
Tracheal lesions Rings and slings Foreign bodies Asthma |
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Upper airway obstruction
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Inflammation: epiglottitis, croup, retropharyngeal abscess
Exogenous: caustic ingestion, foreign body Extrinsic upperairway compression: thyroglossal duct cysts, branchial cleft cysts, other masses |
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Bubbly lungs in neonates
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BPD
Poumonary interstitial emphysema Cystic fibrosis Wilson-Mikity syndrome |
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Mass lesions in airways
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Lymphangioma hemangioma occur anywhere
Nasal cavity: antrochoanal polyp, meningoencephalcele, angiofibroma, lymphadenapthy, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma Oropharynx: lymphadenapthy, ectopic thyroid tissue Hypopharynx: retention cyst, papillomas |
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Neonatal lung masses
Lung bases, CPA |
Sequestration
CDH CCAM Hypoplstic lung (scimiatar synrome) Phrenic nerve paralysis:elevation of hemidiaphrgm |
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Neonatl lung masses
Not lung bases, other lung zones |
Pulmonary tumor(neuroblastoma, pulmonary blastoma, PNET (ASKIN)
Congenital lobar emphysema (early in disease) |
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Hyperlucent lung
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anterior pneumothorax
CLE Congenital lung cyst Bronchiolitis obliteran (Swyer james ) Obstructive emphysema (cystic fibrosis, astma, pneumona, foreign body, extrinsic comression (rings, slings, adenapathy, bronchogenic cyst CCAM |
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Neonatal pneumothorax
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Pressure ventilation
Interstitial pulmonar empysema Pulmonary hypoplasia ( felat anuria, potter sequence, oligohydramnios) |
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Small solitary pulmonary nodule
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Congeital: bronchgenic cyst, sequestration, AMV, varix, bronchial atresia
Infection: round pneumonia, granuloma, abscess cavity Tumor: PNET, pulmonary blastoma, neuroblastoma, wilms |
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Multiple pulmonary nodules
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TUmor: mets. laryngeal papillomatosis
Infection: septic emboli, tb, fungus Inflammatory: Wegener's disease |
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pediatirc interstitial pattern
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congenital (strage disease: gauchers neimannn pick)
Other: viral pneumona, BPD, RDS, histiocystosis X |
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Pediatric chest wall tumors
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EG
Askin tumor (PNET) neuroblastoma mets Ewings sarcoma |
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Dilated stomach
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Normal gas (crying)
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis Pylorospasm Antral web Antral gastritis Rare: duplication cyst, ectopic pancreatic tissue, polyps, neoplasm |
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Double bubble
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duodenal atresia
annular pancreas Duodneal diaphragm bands Midgut volvulus Vascular (preduodenal vien, SMA syndrome) Rare duplication cysts, adhesions |
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Proximal bowel obstruction
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Noenates: atresia, midugt volvulus, ladd bands
Children: intussusception, incarcerated inguinal hernia, perforated appy |
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Distal bowel obstruction
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Hirschsprungs disease meconium plug syndrome colonic atresia/stenosis imperfoate anus
meconium ileus Rare: volvulus, presacral tumors, post NEC strictures |
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Microcolon
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Diabetic mother
Maternal Mg SO4 use Unused colon (no fecal material or succus has passed, ileal atreisa, meconium ileus) Total colonic Hirschsprungs disease |
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Pediatric pneumoatosis intestinalis
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NEC
Less common: cystic fibrois, CVD, leukemia, Milk intolerance, immunodeficiency) Obstruction steroid use |
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Gasless abdomen
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Gastroenteritis
Appendicitis Espohageal atresia Neurologic impairment Mechanical ventilation |
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Displaced bowel loops
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bowel not in abdomen( hernia, omphalocele, etc)
Masses Ascites |
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Abdominal calcifications
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Intraabdominal: meconium peritonitis
Renal: neuroblastoma, wilms, nephrocalcinosis, renal cysts, urinary tract calc Bowel: fecalith, meckel dieveticulum Bladder: hemorrhagic cystitis (cytotoxan) Adrenal: hemorrhage, Wolman's disease Liver: hepatomblastoma, granuloma |
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Common ABdominal mass lesions
Neonates |
Renal: hydronephrosis, MCDK
GI: duplication, meconium pseuodcyst, pseudo cyt proxiaml to atresia GU: ovarin cyst, hydrometrocolpos Heptobiliary: hemangioendothelialioma, choledochal cyst |
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Common ABdominal mass lesions
Older infants and children |
Renal: wilms, hydronephrosis
GI: append, abscess, intussusception, neoplasm Retroperitoneal: neuroblastoma GU: ovarian cyst, hydrometrocolpos Hepatobiliary: hepatoblastoma |
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Gastric filling defect
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foreign body
Bezoar Congenital anomalies (duplications, ectopic pancreatic tissue) Inflammation: crohns, chronic granulomatous diseases Tumors: hamartoma, peutz jegher disease |
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Thick folds
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Submucosal edema
submucosal tumor (lymphoma, leukemia) Submucosal hemorrhage (henochschonlein purpura, HUS, coagulopathies) |
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GI hemorrhage
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meckel diverticulm
Juvenile polyps IBD Portal hypertension |
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Pediatric liver lesions
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Benign: cyst, hemangioendolthelialioma, mesenchymal hamartoma
Malig: hepatoblastoma,hemangioendolthilioma, HCC, mets |
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Fatty liver
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Chronic protein malnutrition
Congenital (Cystic fibrosis, glycogen storage disease, wilsons disease, galactosemia, fructose intlorance, reye's syndrome Hepatitis Drugs: chemotherapy, steroid, hyperalimentation |
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Pediatric choleliatiasis
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Hemolyis: sickle cell, thalasemia, spherocytosis
Other: cystic fibrosis, drugs(lasix), metabolic diorders (hyperparathyroidsim), premature infants with RDS |
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Hydrops of gallbladder
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Sepsis
Burns Leptospirosis Kawaski disease |
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Cholecystitis
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sickle cell
anemia |
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Biliary strictures
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pancreatitis
gallstones ascending cholangitis Post kasai procedure Liver transplant |
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Fatty replacement of pancreas
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Cystic fibrosis
Schwachman Diamond syndrome (metaphyseal dysplasia, cyclic neutropenia, pnacreatic fatty replacement, flaring of ribs) |
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Pediatric pancreatitis
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trauma
viral infection Sepsis Idiopathic anomaly drugs metabolic (cystic fibrosis, hyperlipidemia) |
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Cystic renal masses- cystic disease
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ARPCKD- hyperechoic enlarged
MCDK - atretic ureter and artery, no functional parencyma Multilocular cystic nephroma- very large cysts Phadomatosese- VHL, TS Tumors- cystic wilms, cystic adenocarcinoma |
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Hydronephrosis
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Reflux
UVJ obstruction Ureterovesical obstruction Ectopic ureterocele Posterior urethral valves Prune belly |
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Solid renal masses
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Wilms tumor
Mesoblastic nephroma: only solid mass in newborns Nephroblastomatosis:subcortical Angiomyolipoma: fatty mass, a/w TS Secondary: lyphoma, neuroblastoma, leukemia Rare renal tumors: clear cell sacrcoma, malignant rhabdoid, RCC |
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Diffusely hyperechoic renal kidney in newborn
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Increased size: ARPCKD, CMV, glomerular cystic disease, diffuse cystic dysplasia
Decreased size: renal dysplasia form obstructive uropathy or necrosis |
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Echogenic kidney (similar to spleen or liver)
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ATN
Glomerulonephritis Renal infiltration Glycogne storage disease Diabetes Renal vein thrombosis Leukemia HIV Kawaski disease |
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Loss of normal corticomedullary differentiation
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Pylenephritis (focal nephronia)
Infantile polycystic kidney Adult polycystic kidney Medullary cystic kidney late renal vein thrombosis |
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Medullary nephrocalcinosis
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lasix
Hyperparathyoidism RTA Hypercalcemia or hypercalciruia (milk alkali, Idiopathic, sarcoidosis, hypervitaminosis D) Oxalosis Medullary sponge |
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Congenital ureteric obstruction
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primary megaureter
ureterocele distal uretal stenosis Uretal atresia Circumcaval ureter Bladder diverticulum |
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Adrenal mass
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Neonatal hemorrhage
Neruoblastoma Rare: teratoma, adenoma, carcinoma, pheo Other retro masses: wilms tumor, hydronephrotic upper pole, retroperitoneal adenopathy, hepatoblastoma, splenic mass |
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Cystic structure in or near bladder (US)
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Bladder: hutch diverticulum, urachal remnant, normal bladder ears
Ureter: ectopic insertion of ureter, ureterocele, megaureter Other: ovarian cyst, mesentaric, omental cyst |
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Large abdominal cystic mass
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Lymphangioma (multiseptated)
Enteric duplication cyst (unilocular with bowel signiture) Meconium pseudocyst (unilocular with echoes and debris) Choledochal cyst Adrenal hemorrhage Ovarian cyst |
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Presacral mass
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Rectal duplication
Anterior meningocele Teratoma Neuroblastoma |
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Interlabial mass
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Ectopic ureterocele
Periurethral cysts Rhabdomyosarcoma of vagina prolapsed urethra Imperforate hymen |
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Enlarged Head
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Hydrocephalus
Subdural hematoma Calvarial abn: benign macrocrainia, chodrodystrophies Brain abn:Beckwith-wiedermann, hemiatrophy, cerebral gigantism |
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Small Head
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Absent of atrophic brain
Crainiosynostosis Shunt placement |
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Thick skull
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Metabolic: healing stage of renalosteodystrophy, hyperparathyroidism, anemias (SSD ans thalasemia)
tumor: leukemia/lymphoma Other: chronic decreased intracranial pressure(shunt), dilantin therapy, dysplasia (fibrous dysplasia engelmann's disease) |
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Lytic skull lesions
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EG
Leukemia/lymphoma Fibrous dysplasia Dermoid/epidermoid Hyperparathyroidism |
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Intracranial calcification
Physiologic |
Choroid plexus calc
Habenula calc Pineal gland calc Falx: dura, pacchionian bodies calc Hemangioblastoma calc |
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Intracranial calcification
Not physiologic |
Tumor: Crainopharyngioma>oligodendroglioma> gliomas
Infection: TORCH Congenital: atrophy or hypoplasia, TS, Sturge weber Metabolic: idiopathic hypercalcemia, lead poisoning, hypoaparathyroidism, Fahr's disease Trauma Vascular: AVM, hematoma, aneurysm |
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Enlarge sella turcica
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Tumor: craniopharyngioma, hypothalmic glioma, germ cell tumors, meningioma, pituitary adenoma
Increased intracranial pressure Empty sella nelson's disease |
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Commom Pediatric bone tumors
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1: EG, Ewings sarcoma, OSA, Bone cysts ( UBC, ABC)
2: neuroblastoma mets, lymphoma, leukemia With fluid-fluid level: ABC, telangiectatic OSA, GCT, single cyst with pathologic fracture |
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Widened joint space
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Joint effusion: septic arthritis, hemarthrosis, transient toxic symovitis, JRA
Synovial thickening without articular cartilage destruction: JRA, Hemohiliac arthropathy |
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Bowed bones
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Metabolic: Rickets
Dysplasia: neurofibromatosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, fibrous dysplasia |
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Diffuse Pediatric osteoenia
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Rickets
Hyperparathyroidism Immoblization JRA Uncommon: gangliosidosis, mucolipidosis, adult causes |
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Dense bones in children
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Congenital: osteopetrosis, pyknodyostosis, melorheostosis, progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (engelmanns), infantil cortical hyperostosis, idopathic hypercalcemia of infacny (williams), generalized cortical hyperostosis (van buchem's), pachydermoperiostosis
Other: hypothyroidism, congeital syphilis, hypervitaminosis D |
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Symmetric periosteal rxn in children
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Tumor: Neuroblastoma, leukemia,lymphoma
Infection: congenitalsyphiles or rubella Metabolic: Hypervitaminosii A, D, Prostaglandin therapy, scurvy Trauma: battered child syndrome Vascular: bone infarctions |
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Mnemonic for periosteal rxn
SCALP |
scurvy
Caffey's disease Accident, hypervitaminosis A Leukemia, lues Physiological, prostaglandin inhibitors |
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Deformed epiphyisis
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Acquired: avascular necrosis, LCP disease, steroids
Trauma: osteochondritis dissecans Infection Hypothyroidism Congenital: multipla epiphyseal dysplasia, myer's dysplasi, morquios syndrome |
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Enlarged epiphysis
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Hemophilia
JRA Chronic infectious arthritits Healed LCP disease Epiphyseal dysplasia hemimelia |
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Tranverse metaphyseal lines
Lucent lines (undermineralization) |
Neonates: stress lines d/t fever, CHD, any severe disease
>2 years: neuroblastoma, mets, lymphoma, leukemia |
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Transverse metaphyseal lines
Dense lines |
Neonated: growth recovery lines
>2 years: heavy metal poisoning, healing rickets |
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Widened growth plate (>1mm)
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Rickets
Salter Harris I Tumor: lymphoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma Infection: osteomyelitis |
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Metaphyseal fragments
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Battered child
Trauma Blounts disease Ostoemyelitis |
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Vertebra Plana
localized platyspondyly |
Mets-neuroblastoma
EG Leukemia, lymphoma infection trauma |
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Generalized platyspondyly
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osteogenesis imperfecta
dwarfism Morquios Cushings syndrome |
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Fused Vertebrae
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Isolated fusion
Klippil-Feil syndrome (C2-3 fusion, torticollis, short neck) Posttraumatic |
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Large vertebral body or abnormal shape
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Blood dyscrasias (expansion of red marrow) sickle cell, tahlaasemia
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Atlantoaxial subluxation
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Downs
Morquio's JRA Trauma |
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Disk space narrowing
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Common: infection, block vertebra, scheuermann's disease, severe kyphosis or scoliosis
Uncommon: congenital, Cockayne, Kniest dysplasia, morquios, spondyloepiphyseal dysplsia Acquired: inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid, AS), herniated disk, neuropathic (syrinx), trauma |
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Enlarged disk space
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Osteoporsis
Biconcave vertebra Gaucher's disease Platyspondyly Sickle cell disease Trauma |
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Intervertebral disk space calcification
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Common: idopathic, post traumatic
Uncommon: pinal fusion, ochronosis, aarskog syndrome, cockaynes syndrome, homocystinuria, hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, infection, paraplegia, juvenile chronic arthritis |
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Pediatric sacral abnormalities
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Meningocele
Neurofibromatosis Presecral teratoma Agenesis |
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Radial ray defiiciency
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Holt-oram syndrome
Polands syndrome Fanconi's anemia Thrombocytopeniaabsent radius syndrome |
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Polydactyly
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Familial polydactly
Chondroectodermal dysplasia (ellis van creveld) Trisomy 13,14,15 Laurence-moon-bardet-biedel syndrome |
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Abnormal 4th metacarpal
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Short: turner's, growth arees (sickle cell, infections)
Long: macrodystrophia lipomatosa, neurofibromatosis |
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Delayed bone age
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Systemic: hypothroidism, cyanotic heart disease, chronic pulmonary disease
HGH defiency: isolated GH defiency, cranipharyngioma, infections Peripheral tissue nonresponsiveness: African pygmies, Turner's syndrome, Consitutional short stature |
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Hemihypretrohpy
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intraabdominal tumors ( wilms)
Arteriovenous fistula Lymphangioma Isolated anomaly |
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Williams syndrome
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aortic stenosis
peripheral pulmonic stenosis, diffuse coarctation of abdominal aort and stenosis of visceral branches Multisytem abnormalities: retardation, dentation, elfin facies |
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Beckwith-wiedmann syndrome
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Macroglossia
Vsceromeglay gigantism Omphalocele Wilms tumor |
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Premature infants
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hyaline membrane disease
NEC germinal matrix hemorrhage Periventricular leukoencepathy PDA |
