Primates, Cetacea, And The Penungulata

Front 1

True or false: Primates are one of the last Eutherians to evolve

Back 1

False

One of oldest orders

Front 2

When did Primates likely evolve?

Back 2

Late Cretaceous

Front 3

What did primates likely arise from?

Back 3

Insectivores (tree shrews)

Front 4

Name 2 differences between Primates and their Insevtivore ancestors

Back 4

1. Fruit and leaf eating

2. Dentition changes

Front 5

Name 3 anatomical features of Primates influenced by arboreal life and ultimately led to brain enlargement.

Back 5

1. Stereoscopic vision

2. Grasping hand

3. Muscular coordination

Front 6

Are old world and new world monkeys divergently evolved from a common ancestor, or convergently evolved? Why is this likely?

Back 6

Convergently evolved because no fossils in North America

Front 7

Which group of monkeys are known as flat-nosed monkeys?

Back 7

New World

Front 8

Name 2 features in New World monkeys that facilitate an arboreal lifestyle

Back 8

1. Tails as a prehensile organ

2. Opposable thumbs

Front 9

Which group of primates are adapted to a more terrestrial lifestyle?

Back 9

Apes and Old World Monkeys

Front 10

Differentiate between the forms of Old World vs New World primates

Back 10

Old World: tails never prehensile, sometimes absent; terrestrial; thin hair and naked face

New world: prehensile tails; arboreal

Front 11

Which group of primates has an opposable big toe?

Back 11

Old World (except humans)

Front 12

What primate family includes great apes, including humans?

Back 12

Hominidae

Front 13

Name 4 animals in family Hominidae

Back 13

1. Homo sapiens

2. Chimpanzees

3. Gorillas

4. Orangutans

Front 14

Name 3 morphological features of family Hominidae

Back 14

1. Opposable thumbs (and hallux)

2. Robust skull

3. Consistent dental formula

Front 15

What is the closest living relative to Homo sapiens?

Back 15

Chimpanzees

Front 16

What is the sister group to Primates?

Back 16

Tree shrews (Insectivora)

Front 17

Name 3 adaptations class Mammalia has that others do not, and the functions of these adaptations

Back 17

1. Cerebrum enlarged - used for thinking

2. Cerebellum enlarged (in aquatic and arboreal): used for movement and balance

3. Hearing and olfaction: root drivers of early evolution

(Also nails vs. claws for reaching for fruit)

Front 18

Name 2 constraints on body size

Back 18

1. Constant O2 and glucose demands

2. Basal metabolic rate

Front 19

What is on the x and y axes of the allometric response of body size?

Back 19

X = body mass

Y= behavioral/physiological OR brain size

Front 20

What are the outliers dependent on?

Back 20

Lifestyle such as arboreality, aquaticality, etc.

Front 21

Describe encephalization quotient

Back 21

Allometric with body mass

Front 22

Describe the teeth of Primates

Back 22

Hysodontid

Front 23

What is stereoscopic vision?

Back 23

2 forward-facing eyes for *depth perception***

Front 24

Out of the following features, which relates most to a big brain:

Stereoscopic vision

Grasping hands

Muscular coordination

Back 24

Muscular coordination

Front 25

What are the sitting pads in Old World Primates called?

Back 25

Callosities

Front 26

What was likely the earliest known primate ancestor?

Back 26

Plesia dapiform

Front 27

Name the 2 suborders in order Cetacea

Back 27

1. Odontoceti

2. Mysticeti

Front 28

Which Cetaceans are known as the toothed whales?

Back 28

Odontoceti

Front 29

Which Cetaceans are known as the baleen whales?

Back 29

Mysticeti

Front 30

True or false: the first whales were semi-aquatic herbivores

Back 30

FALSE - semi-aquatic CARNIVORES.

Front 31

What is the most diverse group of aquatic mammals?

Back 31

Order Cetacea

Front 32

What group of mammals is polyphyletic with Cetacea?

Back 32

Artiodactyla

Front 33

90% of Cetaceans are in which suborder?

Back 33

Odontoceti

Front 34

Dolphins are in which suborder?

Back 34

Odontoceti

Front 35

Describe the diet of Odontoceti

Back 35

Piscivorous (toothed whales)

Front 36

Which suborder posses a single nostril with two nasal passages?

Back 36

Odontoceti

Front 37

In which suborder are the largest animal to ever live?

Back 37

Mysticeti

Front 38

Describe the diet and feeding habits of Mysticeti

Back 38

Filter feed on zooplankton with baleen plates

Front 39

What is the skull shape of Mysticeti related to?

Back 39

Foraging - i.e. skimming, bottom feeding, etc.

Front 40

What do breeding systems in Cetacea correspond to? How so?

Back 40

Diet:

plankton feeders = monogamous

Fish eaters = polygynous or promiscuous

Front 41

In Cetaceans, what does birth rate correspond to? How so?

Back 41

Diet:

plankton feeders = young born every other year

Squid feeders = young born 2-5 years

Fish feeders = every year

Front 42

Where do most Cetaceans congregate?

Back 42

Breeding grounds (then leave for the birthing grounds)

Front 43

Describe the "Paenungulata"

Back 43

Elephant and Allies - comprised of 3 orders

Front 44

Name the 3 orders in "The Paenungulata"

Back 44

1. Proboscidea

2. Sirenia

3. Hyracoidea

Front 45

In what order are elephants?

Back 45

Proboscidea

Front 46

Describe the (1.) locomotion and (2.) foot posture of Proboscidea

Back 46

1. Graviportal locomotion

2. Plantigrade foot posture

Front 47

How many extant species exist of Proboscidea?

Back 47

3

Front 48

In what order are sea cows (dugongs and manatees)?

Back 48

Sirenia

Front 49

In what order are the only aquatic mammals that are herbivorous?

Back 49

Sirenia

Front 50

Name 3 unique features of order Sirenia

Back 50

1. Slow metabolism

2. K-selected (long lives)

3. Some promiscuous, some use leks for mate selection

Front 51

In what order are Hyraxes / Dassies?

Back 51

Hyracoidea

Front 52

What makes Hyracoidea more closely related to elephants than Lagomorphs or Rodents?

Back 52

Uh well I think I misunderstood but they are herbivorous with hindgut fermentation

Front 53

Name 2 unique problems aquatic and diving mammals have (not only Cetaceans)

Back 53

1. Pressure

2. O2 and breathing

Front 54

Name 3 adaptations aquatic mammals (not just Cetaceans) have to deal with O2 constraints and pressure

Back 54

1. Store O2 in blood

2. Shut down other body functions that need O2

3. Myoglobin (Cetaceans)