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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Common Primate Traits: *Physical Features
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- No single feature is unique to primates - Most skeletal features reflect an arboreal existence - Some key adaptations: > Grasping hands > Stereoscopic vision (Forward-facing eyes) > Enlarged visual centre in the brain |
(Remember!) *G.S.E. |
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Plesiadapiforms + Dryamomy's |
- Are tiny mouse-like creatures that existed between the extinction of the dinosaurs and the arrival of the primates.
- Are creatures discovered to be more primitive than plesiadapiforms |
Dinosaurs became extinct 65 mya. while Primates arrived 56 mya...
Which was discovered to be more primitive? |
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Common Primate Traits: *Social Features |
> Dependency: - Social relationships begin w/mother - long dependency period
> Primates: - Play is an important part of learning - Offspring learn many things in social groups
> Communication: - Sound, odour, + body movement/language |
(Remember!) *D.P.C. |
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The Various Primates:
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Prosimians (Pre-Monkeys) - Resemble other mammals more than anthropoid primates do
Anthropoids - Monkeys, apes, and humans (and their ancestors) |
Two Suborders: (Remember!) P & A or... a.k.a. 'Pre-monkeys' and... the name of the course! |
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Prosimians: 1) Lemuriformes 2) Lorisiformes 3) Tarsiformes |
1) Lemuridea: Lemurs + their relatives 2) Lorisidea: Lorises and Galagos (a.k.a. bushbabies) 3) Tarsoidea: Tarsiidae & Tarsius |
Look for the Pre word... |
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Prosimians:
Primitive and Derived Traits |
Primitive: - Depend more on smell - Mobile ears - Whiskers, snout - less facial expression
Derived Traits: - Stereoscopic vision - Grasping hands - Enlarged visual centre in the brain |
Primitive: (Smell, ears, whiskers, less...?)
Derived: (Forward-facing, hands, enlarged...?) |
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Prosimians:
General Facts |
- Most are quadrupeds - Vertical clinging and leaping is also a common form of locomotion
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Most are... & What is a common form of locomotion? |
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Prosimians...
Compared to anthropoids: |
> Have more mobile ears and whiskers > Longer snouts > Little facial expression |
3 points: ears, snouts, & expression |
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Prosimians: Lemuriformes |
- Lemurs, indris, aye-aye, mouse lemur - Range in size from mouse to the 1.2 m long indri - Female dominance |
What does the group consist of? Size? Dominance?
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Prosimians: Lorisiformes
Lorises
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Lorises: - Found in Sub-Saharan Africa, southern India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia - Slow Arboreal Quadrupeds - Frugivores, gummivores, insectivores - A variety of group compositions - Mostly nocturnal - Single infants or twins |
Location? Locomotion? Diet? Group Composition? Activity Pattern? Reproduction? |
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Prosimians: Tarsiformes (Tarsiers) |
- Nocturnal > Specialized vision (retinal fovea) - Pair bonding - The only obligate carnivore amongst primates! - Classification issues > Prosimians or Haplorhines |
- Sleep Pattern? - Bonding? - Only ___________ carnivore amongst primates. - Classification issues?
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The Classification of Tarsiers:
Primitive
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- Chromosomes like prosimians - Grooming claws - More than two nipples - Two-horned uterus |
Chromosomes like...? What kind of Claws? Amount of nipples? What kind of uterus?
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The Classification of Tarsiers:
Derived |
- Reduced dependence on smell - Eyes closer together - Retinal Fovea - Orbital closure - Placenta |
Smell? Eyes?
(Remember!) ... 3 Points: R.F. O.C. P |
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New World Monkeys
(Platyrrhines) |
Distinguished from Old World Monkeys by: - Nose shape and nostril position - Three premolars - Prehensile (Grasping) tail - Arboreal
Two main groups: > Cebids, Marmosets and Tamerins |
Distinguished from Old World Monkeys by: Nose, teeth, tail, existence?
Two Main groups: (Remember!) C, M&T |
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New World Monkeys: Atelidae
General facts |
- Very small - Claws - Twins - Joint care of infants - Monogamy and polyandry - Fruit, tree, sap, insects |
Size? Claws or no claws? Produces infants in? Care system? (Single or joint) Relationship? (M&P) Diet? |
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New World Monkeys: Cebidae
General Facts |
- Generally Larger than Atelidae - Takes twice as long as marmosets to mature - Single offspring - Variable size (and consequently diet) |
Smaller/larger than ________?
Twice as long as ___________ to mature.
Produces offspring in?
Size and diet? |
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Old World Monkeys: Cercopithecoidea
General Facts |
- Same dental formula as apes and humans (only 2 premolars) - Not as diverse as NWM but inhabit more diverse habitats - Two main groups (families): > Cologinae (colobine monkeys) > Cercopithecinae (Cercopithecine monkeys) |
Dental formula? (premolars)
Diversity?
Two main Groups? |
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Old World Monkeys: Colobines
Classification |
- Asian Langurs, African Colombus monkeys, several Asian species - Largely arboreal - Leaves & seeds > specialized pouched stomachs - Colourful newborns - Group care of infants - Variable groups size and structure |
Group consists of? Existence? Diet & Stomachs? Newborn fact? Care of infants in? Size of groups & structures? |
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Old World Monkeys: Cercopithecines
Classification |
- Primarily in Africa (except for macaques) - More terrestrial species than any other OWM subfamily - Highly sexually dimorphic - More frugivorous than columbines - A few key features: > Cheek pouches > Ischial callosites |
- Location? - More _________ than all OWM families. - Highly __________ dimorphic - More _____________ than columbines (diet) - 2 key features: (Remember!) 1) C.P. & I.C.
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Hominoids
(Apes & Humans) |
Two families: 1) Hylabatidae (Lesser apes - gibbons & siamangs) 2) Hominidae (Great apes & humans)
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What key features distinguish apes and humans from other primates? ... |
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Hylobatidae: Gibbons and Siamangs
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- Found in Jungles of Southeast Asia - Largely frugivorous, but will eat leaves and insects - Brachiators - Small family groups - Little sexual dimorphism - Highly territorial |
- Location? - Diet? & exceptions - Swinging Arms? - Size of groups/families? - Amount of sexual dimorphism? - Scale of Territorialism?
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Hominidae
Ponginae, Gorillinae, & Homininae |
- Ponginae > Orangutans (Pongo) - Gorillinae > Gorillas (Gorilla) - Homininae (2) > Panini - Chimpanzees & Bonobos (Pan) > Hominini - Humans & direct ancestors (Homo) |
Think modern day Apes...
Remember Homininae has two points! |
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*Sexual Dimorphism |
A distinct difference or feature that differentiates the male from the female in the species. |
A distinct difference or feature that differentiates the male from the female in the species |
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Orangutans (Pongo) |
- Borneo and Sumatra - Clearly sexually dimorphic - Frugivores - Arboreal - Solitary |
Location? Sexually dimorphic? Diet? Existence? Roams in sizes? |
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Gorillas (Gorilla) |
- Lowland areas of western equatorial Africa - Mountain areas of Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda - Variable vegetarian diet - Largest surviving ape - Sexually dimorphic - Knuckle walking - Groups with one male dominant |
- Location? - Diet (Variable) - Fact about existence - Sexually dimorphic? - Unique to walking? - Group size, and unique feature? |
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Chimpanzees & Bonobos (Pan) |
Chimpanzees: > Forested areas of Africa > Two species: 1) Pan Troglodytes (The common chimp) 2) Pan Paniscus (Bonobo or pygmy Chimp) |
- Location? - Two species: Pan ______ & Pan ______
(Common chimp & Bonobo or Pygmy chimp) |
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Hominins
(All Bipedal members of Hominoidea) |
- Similar in genetics and blood proteins to chimpanzees and gorillas - Divergence approximately 6-7 mya
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- Similar to Chimps & Gorillas how? - Divergence approx. when? |
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Distinctive Human Traits:
Physical & Behavioural |
Physical: - Bipedalism - Large, complex brain - Human sexuality Behavioural: - Greater proportion of learned behaviour - Toolmaking - Language |
3 Points for each: Physical: walks, brain, sexuality
Behavioural: Greater proportion of what? / able to make tools, can communicate by talking. |
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Models for Hominin Behaviour Part A
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Non-human primates provide the living model for early humans & their ancestors. - These models can be either: Experimental (Such as language studies) or Natural Observation (many behavioural studies) |
Non-human primates provide the __________ ___________ for early humans & their ancestors. - 2 types of models: (Remember!) E &/or N.O. |
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Models for Hominin Behaviour Part B (Contemporary or recent non-westernized populations of small, foraging societies) |
> If living in similar environmental conditions, assumed that they may exhibit similar behavioural patterns (in response to adaptation). |
A few cautionary notes... |
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Primate Adaptations
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- Body size - Relative brain size - Group size - Sexual dimorphism |
- Size - Brain - Group - Sexual Dimorphism |
