Primates

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Primate Habitats

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Found in all ecological regions of the world. Preferably tropical rain forests of: Africa, Central America, South America, and Southeast Asia.

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Mammals

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Breast feeding animals that have: (a) body hair to keep warm, (b) warm blood or internal temp. control, (c) the ability to beget their young through birth and not through the hatching from eggs.

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Primates

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Animals that are: bipedal or semi-bipedal, pentadactile, and prehensile, relatively large brain, and no rhinaria.

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Prosimians

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Primitive dog-size to cat-size primates (such as tree shrews,

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Aboreal

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Most active in trees

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Terrestrial

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most active in tree

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crepuscular

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active in twilight

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Characteristics of Primates

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(1) Two-legged upright movement (bipedalism),

(2) 5 fingers & toes on each appendage (pentadactilism),

(3) Grasping fingers and toes (prehensility),

(4) Nails on fingers and toes ( instead of claws and hoofs),

(5) A large brains,

(6) Dry or haplo-rhine noses

(7) Well Developed Vision

(8) Intense Bonding or Cohesion

(9) Single Births, &

(10) Long period of Childhood Dependency

(11) Varied Nutrition

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Primate Vision

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Eyes in 2 bony facial sockets.

3-dimensional or Stereoscopic Vision, and Rods and Cons in retina that permit non-colored and colored vision.(i) Rods permit black and white vision, and

(ii) Cons permit colored vision.

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Carnivores

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Eating primarily flesh

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Insectivores

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Eating primarily insects.

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Folivores

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Eating primarily leaves.

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Frugivores

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Eating primarily fruots

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Gramnivores

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Eating primarily seeds

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Gumnivores

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Eating primarily gums.

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Gorillas of the Virungas

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Mountain gorillas of central Africa that are found in the series of extinct volcanoes called the Virungas (Rwanda, Zaire, Uganda) Endangered species whos survival is threatened by: A shrinking habitat, Greedy poachers, Active volcanoes, Increasing human settlement. Research consists of finding ways to save endangered species

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Linnaeus Classification

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- Kingdom of animals (living things that take in food and burn it for energy),

- Class of Mammalia (Mammals),

- Order of Primates, and

- Family of Hominidae,

- Genus of Homo, and

- Species of Homo sapiens

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Class: Mammals

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Breast feeding animals that have: (a) body hair to keep warm, (b) warm blood or internal temperature control, and (c) the ability to beget their young through birth

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Order: Primates

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Animals that are: bipedal or semi-bipedal, pentadactile (having five digits on each of their four appendages), prehensile (having grasping fingers), relatively large brain, and no rhinaria (wet noses).

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Aboreal

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Very active and comfortable in trees – e.g. lemurs.

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Terrestrial

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Active and comfortable on the ground – e.g. savanna baboons and gorillas.

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Diurnal

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Active and comfortable in the day

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Nocturnal

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Active and comfortable at night, e.g. prosimians.

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Crepuscular

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Most active and comfortable at twilight or at dawn.

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Primate Habitat

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Primates, like humans, are found in all the ecological regions of the world.

- Most of them live in the tropical rain forests of:

Africa,

Central America,

South America, and

Southeast Asia. few species of primates live in the cool temperate regions , while Some live in the high altitudes (Himalayas and Japan) where they survive in winter snow.

One species, lives in all the regions of the world, humans

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Promisians

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Primative dog-size primates (i.e. tree shrews, lemurs, lorises, etc.) Mostly found in Madagascar.

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Promisian: Tree Shrew

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Small squirrel-like primitive animals whose primate status is a subject of much debate.

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Promisian: Lemurs

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primitive human-like cat-size to dog-size animals.

- They are found in Madagascar,rings on their tail, are diurnal and live in groups.

- Lemurs have eyes that are located in front of their heads, but it is uncertain whether they can see in 3 dimensions. Diet:

fruits, leaves and flowers. Practice Scent Marking.

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Promisian: Lorises (Bush Babies)

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Primitive cat size to dog-size typically animals found in Africa and South East Asia. They have a powerful grip, enhanced by a reduced index finger.Slow when walking on branches. Dental comb and grooming claw on their second toe. Nocturnal and insectivorous.

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Prosimians: Tarsiers

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Large eyes and long tarsals or ankles. Incomplete eye sockets, Eyes that virtually cover their whole face, Heads that can turn almost 180 degrees, Ears like those of a bat. Usually found in pairs, and are strictly nocturnal.

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N.W. Monkeys VS O.W Monkeys: Nostrils

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O.W have a Catarrhine Noses, i.e. have nostrils open downwards and are separated by a narrow nasal septum.

N.W. have Platyrrhine Noses, i.e. have nostrils open sideways and are separated by a broad nasal septum.

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N.W. Monkeys VS O.W Monkeys: Pre-Molars

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O.W have 2 premolars (2 1 2 3), N.W. have 3 premolars (2 1 3 2) in each quarter of the mouth.

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N.W. Monkeys VS O.W Monkeys: Body Size

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O.W. tend to be large, though some small forms exist. N.W. tend to be small.

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N.W. Monkeys VS O.W Monkeys: Prehensility

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O.W. cannot hang on their tails, N.W. can hang on their tails and pick things with their tails.

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N.W. Monkeys VS O.W Monkeys: Terrestriality & Arboreality

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O.W. are far more terrestrial than arboreal. N.W. are far more arboreal than terrestrial.

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N.W. Monkeys VS O.W Monkeys: Thumbs

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O.W. monkeys have well developed thumbs that are somewhat opposable. N.W. have less developed thumbs

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Examples(s) of New World Primates: Pithecinae

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These include sakis and Uakaris, bald-headed monkeys with bright pink faces

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Examples(s) of New World Primates: Alouatinae

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Alouatinae include howler monkeys

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Examples(s) of New World Primates: Atelinae

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Atelinae include spider monkeys.

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One Male Polygynous Group ( or Harem)

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This is a group made up of one adult male, several adult female mating partners, and their offspring.

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One Male Sororal Polygynous Group

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This is a group made up of one adult male, several adult female wives or mating partners who come from the same mother, and their offspring.

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One Female Polyandrous Group

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This is a group made up of one adult fremale, several adult male husbands or mating partners, and their offspring.

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One Female Fraternal Polyandrous groups

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This is a group made up of one adult female, several adult male husbands or mating partners who come from the same mother, and their offspring.

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Multi-Polygamous Groups

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This is a social group consisting several adult males, their pluralistic spouses, and their offspring.

- In such a group, the presence of several adult males may lead to tension and to the formation of a dominance hierarchy.

- Examples of primates with such a group include Savanna Baboons and Chimpanzees

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Multi-Polyandrous Groups

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This is a social group consisting several adult females, their pluralistic husbands, and their offspring.

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Solitary Primates

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These are primates that forage for food alone. Such primates include nocturnal prosimians such as lorises and galagos. It also includes adult females foraging in pairs or with their offspring.

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Focus on Savanna Baboons: Aggression and Collaboration

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Very collaborative in behavior, group stays together at all times, must remain within the sight and sound of others when walking. When attacked, they fight furiously; “We all live or we all perish.”

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Focus on Savanna Baboons: Sexual Dimorphism

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Male: bigger, higher, more sturdy, have more facial & body hair, have bigger & longer canines, tend to be more aggressive than females.

Female baboons: More aggressive than female colobus monkeys & female langurs, but far less aggressive than the male baboons.

- Female: More slender, have less body hair, have smaller canines, and have body size only half that of males.

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Focus on Savanna Baboons: Child Raising

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(a) Single Births. (b) Group Responsibility for Giving Infant Protection (c) Adult Male and Adult Female Baboon Attachment to Infants. (d) For a little more than a year after birth, the infant remains the prime object of its mother’s attention. But this period comes to an end when the infant is weaned or taken off the breast. (e) Childhood Peer Group Play: (1) Play As A Survival Strategy: Is more than just “letting off steam”; it is an important adaptation for survival. (2) Juvenile Play: play mimics or echoes the segregation of sexes and sex roles.

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Focus on Savanna Baboons: Pinning/Mounting

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If all previous threats fail, the dominant baboon runs at offenders, who tend to scamper for safety. When the dominant monkey catches the offender, he pins him to the ground to show his superiority. Or he may mount the subordinate monkey, as a male mounts a female in copulation, as a symbol of dominance.

“Listen to me, for I’m on top of you and I’m therefore more than you.”

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Focus on Savanna Baboons: Grooming

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(1) Rubbing or striding passionately. (2) passionately. (2) Picking, combing and cleaning body hair of another monkey.

- Removes dead skin, and

- Removes dirt from the skin and fur.

- Soothes and relaxes the muscles.

- Known as “social lubricant” because it assures bonding and eases interaction.

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Focus on Savanna Baboons: Troop Composition & Formation

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A troop of baboons consists of: Adult males and females, Juvenile males and females 3 to 7 years old, and infants dependent on their mothers.

Specific formation when moving on the Savanna: (1) Adult males and females, lead and tail the troop, (2) Dominant males are in the center, with infants and estrus females, and (3) Juveniles flank both sides of the troop.

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Focus on Savanna Baboons: Daily Routine

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Savanna baboons are diurnal; take breakfast and lunch, and a midday rest. (1) Troop takes breakfast late in the morning; Moves steadily until (2) Midday Rest [Adults sleep/laze, infants stay near by, juvenile male frolic.] After rest is (3) Lunch [Big meal of the day eating for 2 hrs straight], Continue moving on to trees for (4) night time resting place

*Two Meals a Day

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Showdown: When Baboon and/or Gorilla Groups Meet

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Baboon(s): When groups meet each other on the Savanna, the dominant male baboons of both groups come forward and challenge one another in a fight.

Gorilla(s): When groups meet each other on the Savanna, the dominant males come forward and display their strength by beating or slapping their chests.

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Chimpanzees

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Apes that live in groups in the dense tropical forest regions of Africa.- - Their behavior mimics that of humans beings in many ways. Highly diurnal and group oriented in nature. Chimps are Tool Production and Use Groups.

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Bonobos (Or Spider Chimpanzees)

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Bonobos make tools, use tools, and hunt. Unlike chimps, bonobas are: Smaller, particularly at the head and shoulders; are not gregarious, Do not hunt collectively, and are more peaceful. Peculiar Mannerisms: (a) Use leaves as rain hats, (b) Males establish dominance with brief aggressive chases, (c) Females may be dominant over males, (d) face-to-face sexual intercourse, etc.

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Gibbons

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Found in Southeast Asia, live in small groups, consisting of a male, a female, and their offspring. Primarily arboreal. Gibbon groups each have a particular home range. Among them, once an infant is old enough to fend for itself or survive on its own, it is chased off the family group.

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Orangutans

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Big ape found in the heavily forested tropical forest of Indonesia, on the islands of Borno and Sumatra. Generally live in isolation and in private. Slow and cautious climbers on fours, frugivorous, generally arboreal.

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Primate Communication

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(1) Intense Stare: Signifies a threat or discomfort. (2) Expose Canines: Signifies a threat. (3) Crouch Position: Signifies insecurity of fear. (4) Purposeful Striding Gait: Indicates confidence & happiness. (5) Raised Body Hair: Indicates fear. (6) Turning backside toward another, Grooming, Crouching: Shows Submission. (7) Hugging, Holding, Touching: Shows reassurance. (8) Chest Slapping, Screaming, etc; Indicates excitement or threat. (9) Mounting: Shows dominance.

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Classical Studies of Primates

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(1) Washoe - Use of ASL Communication. (2) Sara - Use of Plastic Chips to Match Concepts Or Objects. (3) Lana - Use Of Computer Communication. (4) Koko – Brilliant success in intelligence test. (5) Jane Goodall’s Chimpanzee Studies At The Gombe Game Reserve, East Africa.