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primate final

Primate Final

by tmarzili, May 2014

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	Chimps and bonobos are ---patric 4 subspecies of chimps are ---patric - Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii was first and best studied - J. Goodall at Gombe, T. Nashida at Mahale in the 1960s)	allo;allo
	Chimps and bonobos are allopatric--- subspecies of chimps are allopatric - Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii was first and best studied - J. Goodall at Gombe, T. Nashida at Mahale in the 1960s)	4
	Chimps and bonobos are allopatric4 subspecies of chimps are allopatric - ---was first and best studied - J. Goodall at Gombe, T. Nashida at Mahale in the 1960s)	Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
	Body size dimorphism: males up to---% heavier than females Lower craniodental dimorphism in bonobos	15
	Body size dimorphism: males up to 15% heavier than females Lower craniodental dimorphism in--- Bonobo also differs in cranial (more rounded) and mandibular (more gracile) shape Intermembral index = (forelimb/hindlimb)*100 Chimp = 108.7 Bonobo = 102.2 (due to longer thighs) Bonobos have a part in their hair	bonobos
	Body size dimorphism: males up to 15% heavier than females Lower --- dimorphism in bonobos Bonobo also differs in cranial (more rounded) and mandibular (more gracile) shape Intermembral index = (forelimb/hindlimb)*100 Chimp = 108.7 Bonobo = 102.2 (due to longer thighs) Bonobos have a part in their hair	craniodental
	Body size dimorphism: males up to 15% heavier than females Lower craniodental dimorphism in bonobos Bonobo also differs in --- and ---shape Intermembral index = (forelimb/hindlimb)*100 Chimp = 108.7 Bonobo = 102.2 (due to longer thighs) Bonobos have a part in their hair	cranial (more rounded);mandibular (more gracile)
	Body size dimorphism: males up to 15% heavier than females Lower craniodental dimorphism in bonobos Bonobo also differs in cranial (more ---) and mandibular (more ---) shape Intermembral index = (forelimb/hindlimb)*100 Chimp = 108.7 Bonobo = 102.2 (due to longer thighs) Bonobos have a part in their hair	rounded;gracile
	Body size dimorphism: males up to 15% heavier than females Lower craniodental dimorphism in bonobos Bonobo also differs in cranial (more rounded) and mandibular (more gracile) shape Intermembral index = --- Chimp = 108.7 Bonobo = 102.2 (due to longer thighs) --- have a part in their hair	(forelimb/hindlimb)*100;Bonobos
	Body size dimorphism: males up to 15% heavier than females Lower craniodental dimorphism in bonobos Bonobo also differs in cranial (more rounded) and mandibular (more gracile) shape Intermembral index = (forelimb/hindlimb)*100 Chimp = --- Bonobo = --- Bonobos have ---in their hair	108.7;102.2 (due to longer thighs);a part
	General ecology Chimps Terrain?	Dense lowland tropical rain forest to savanna woodland
	General ecology Chimps Diet?	Highly frugivorous, variable use of terrestrial herbaceous vegetation (THV)
	General ecology --- Hunting at all sites studied --- hunt more frequently than--- Hunting more likely when large social group Success rate about 50% http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bLhv-aQ5YY Animal protein 8 – 10% of diet; 1-3% mammals; wide variety of species, red colobus favorite	Chimps;Males; females
	General ecology Chimps Hunting at all sites studied Males hunt more frequently than females Hunting more likely when--- Success rate about ---% http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bLhv-aQ5YY Animal protein 8 – 10% of diet; 1-3% mammals; wide variety of species, red colobus favorite	large social group;50
	General ecology Chimps Dense lowland tropical rain forest to savanna woodland Highly frugivorous, variable use of terrestrial herbaceous vegetation (THV) Hunting at all sites studied Males hunt more frequently than females Hunting more likely when large social group Success rate about 50% http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bLhv-aQ5YY Animal protein ---% of diet; ---% mammals; wide variety of species, red colobus favorite	8 – 10;1-3
	General ecology Chimps Dense lowland tropical rain forest to savanna woodland Highly frugivorous, variable use of terrestrial herbaceous vegetation (THV) Hunting at all sites studied Males hunt more frequently than females Hunting more likely when large social group Success rate about 50% http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bLhv-aQ5YY --- 8 – 10% of diet; 1-3% ---; wide variety of species, --- favorite	Animal protein;mammals;red colobus
	General ecology --- Lowland rain forest, swamp forest, dry forest, grassland Highly frugivorous and high use of THV Hunting rare despite habitat similarity with some chimps <1% animal protein in diet; small ungulates favored prey	Bonobo
	General ecology Bonobo Terrain?	Lowland rain forest, swamp forest, dry forest, grassland
	General ecology Bonobo Diet?	Highly frugivorous and high use of THV
	General ecology Bonobo Hunting rare despite habitat similarity with some chimps <1% --- in diet; --- favored prey	animal protein;small ungulates
	General ecology Bonobo Lowland rain forest, swamp forest, dry forest, grassland Highly frugivorous and high use of THV Hunting rare despite habitat similarity with some chimps ---% animal protein in diet; small ungulates favored prey	<1
	General ecology Bonobo Lowland rain forest, swamp forest, dry forest, grassland Highly frugivorous and high use of THV Hunting ---	rare despite habitat similarity with some chimps
	Group size,organization, and ranging patterns Both chimps and bonobos live in --- social groups	multimale/multifemale
	Group size,organization, and ranging patterns Both chimps and bonobos live in multimale/multifemale social groups --- are philopatric in both chimps and bonobos, though occasional --- transfer has been seen in bonobos --- of both species generally transfer but there are exceptions	Males;male;Females
	Group size,organization, and ranging patterns Both chimps and bonobos live in multimale/multifemale social groups Males are philopatric in both chimps and bonobos, though occasional male transfer has been seen in --- Females of both species generally transfer but there are exceptions Group sizes ½ dozen up to 150 in chimps 25 – 75 in bonobos Home ranges are large In both chimps and bonobos groups assemble together and sleep in close proximity at night in nests made fresh daily Day range patterns differ between these species Among chimps males and females vary in daily ranging patterns Among bonobos males and females more typically travel and forage in mixed-sex larger social groups	bonobos
	Group size,organization, and ranging patterns chimps and bonobos Group sizes --- up to --- in chimps --- in bonobos	½ dozen;150;25 – 75
	Group size,organization, and ranging patterns chimps and bonobos Home ranges are ---(size) In both chimps and bonobos groups assemble together and sleep in--- at night in nests made fresh daily Day range patterns --- between these species	large; close proximity;differ
	Group size,organization, and ranging patterns chimps and bonobos Day range patterns differ between these species Among chimps --- Among bonobos---	males and females vary in daily ranging patterns; males and females more typically travel and forage in mixed-sex larger social groups
	Felxible social grouping (Chimps +Bonobos) determinants of group size and composition?	In general, food abundance and distribution, presence of estrous females, and predation pressure are
	Felxible social grouping (Chimps +Bonobos) Both chimps and bonobos display ---grouping patterns…	fission-fusion
	Felxible social grouping (Chimps +Bonobos) In general, food abundance and distribution, presence of estrous females, and predation pressure are determinants of group size and composition Both chimps and bonobos display fission-fusion grouping patterns…i.e they are flexible and responsive to the above variables BUT…. Greater tendency to break into small parties in ---; individuals may often be alone	chimps
	Felxible social grouping (Chimps +Bonobos) In general, food abundance and distribution, presence of estrous females, and predation pressure are determinants of group size and composition Both chimps and bonobos display fission-fusion grouping patterns…i.e they are flexible and responsive to the above variables BUT…. --- tend to stay in larger groups, seldom solitary, grouping is independent of number of estrous females in group	Bonobos
	Within group social relations… different between species --- Male dominance and strong M-M bonds Coalitions and alliances common Kin selection possible Male linear rank associated with RS Female dominance hierarchy weaker, but high rank female spatial access to food, esp when scarce Enhanced RS	Chimp
	Within group social relations… different between species Chimp --- dominance and strong ---bonds	Male;M-M
	Within group social relations… different between species Chimp Male dominance and strong M-M bonds Coalitions and alliances common Kin selection possible Male linear rank associated with--- Female dominance hierarchy weaker, but high rank female spatial access to food, esp when scarce Enhanced---	RS; RS
	Within group social relations… different between species Chimp ---dominance hierarchy weaker, but high rank --- spatial access to food, esp when scarce Enhanced RS	Female ;Female
	Within group social relations… different between species Chimp Female dominance hierarchy---,	weaker
	Chimpanzee reproductive ecology individuals (within a species) are sensitive to ---	energy budget
	Chimpanzee reproductive ecology individuals (within a species) are sensitive to energy budget Females are especially sensitive because reproduction is necessarily more energetically costly for females than for males As net energy availability changes….. --- “decisions” change Trade-offs Growth Maintenance Reproduction	Allocation
	--- reproductive ecology individuals (within a species) are sensitive to energy budget Females are especially sensitive because reproduction is necessarily more energetically costly for females than for males As net energy availability changes….. Allocation “decisions” change Trade-offs Growth Maintenance Reproduction	Chimpanzee
	Proximate causes How does energy availability impact female reproduction --- is modulated by energy availability There is a continuum of reproductive function	Hormone biosynthesis
	Proximate causes How does energy availability impact female reproduction Hormone biosynthesis is modulated by energy availability There is a continuum of reproductive function Low energy – decreased ---production Lower energy = Lowest energy – --- Applicable to resumption of cycling post-weaning Reversible	ovarian hormone ; pregnancy loss/abandonment;fertility ceases
	Infanticide --- Infanticide and attacks on juveniles within and between communities Mostly carried out by males High levels at Mahale (16%deaths) Impacts RS of females – a source of infant mortality Females in eastern chimp groups commit infanticide – may decrease within group feeding competition	Chimps
	Infanticide Chimps --- on juveniles within and between communities	Infanticide and attacks
	Infanticide Chimps Infanticide and attacks on juveniles within and between communities Mostly carried out by --- High levels at Mahale (--%deaths)	males;16
	Infanticide Chimps Infanticide and attacks on juveniles within and between communities Mostly carried out by males High levels at ---(16%deaths) Impacts RS of females – a source of infant mortality Females in eastern chimp groups commit infanticide – may decrease within group feeding competition	Mahale
	Infanticide Chimps Infanticide and attacks on juveniles within and between communities Mostly carried out by males High levels at Mahale (16%deaths) Impacts RS of females – a source of infant mortality Females in eastern chimp groups commit infanticide – may decrease --- competition	within group feeding
	Infanticide Chimps Infanticide and attacks on juveniles within and between communities Mostly carried out by males High levels at Mahale (16%deaths) Impacts RS of females – a source of infant mortality Females in --- groups commit infanticide – may decrease within group feeding competition	eastern chimp
	Infanticide --- Infanticide never observed	Bonobos
	Infanticide Bonobos Infanticide ---	never observed
	Mating system? Chimp --- Females mate with multiple males in succession without outright competition between males	Opportunistic mating
	Mating system? Chimp --- Mating with individuals from outside community Females mate with multiple males in succession without outright competition between males	Extragroup mating
	Mating system? Chimp --- Male & female leave group, travel together for days/weeks	Consortship mating
	Mating system? Chimp --- Coalition mate-guarding, several males work together	Possessive mating
	Within group social relations… different from chimps Bonobo ---dominance or co-dominance strong ---bonds	Female ;F-F
	Within group social relations… different from chimps Bonobo Female dominance or co-dominance strong F-F bonds (despite --- philopatry and --- dispersal!) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0tAQcpLILQ Male-male grooming bouts least common Little evidence for male-male coalitions Maternal rank influences rank of (philopatric) son	male;female
	Within group social relations… different from chimps Bonobo Female dominance or co-dominance strong F-F bonds (despite male philopatry and female dispersal!) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0tAQcpLILQ --- grooming bouts least common Little evidence for male-male coalitions Maternal rank influences rank of (philopatric) son	Male-male
	Within group social relations… different from chimps Bonobo Female dominance or co-dominance strong F-F bonds (despite male philopatry and female dispersal!) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0tAQcpLILQ Male-male grooming bouts least common Little evidence for --- coalitions Maternal rank influences rank of (philopatric) son	male-male
	Within group social relations… different from chimps Bonobo Female dominance or co-dominance strong F-F bonds (despite male philopatry and female dispersal!) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0tAQcpLILQ Male-male grooming bouts least common Little evidence for male-male coalitions ---rank influences rank of (philopatric) son	Maternal
	Mating system? Bonobos (same range, diff frequencies than chimps) ---mating --- mating is tolerated and common --- mating rare in bonobos	Opportunistic ;Extragroup;Consortships and possessive
	Mating system? Bonobos (same range, diff frequencies than chimps) Opportunistic mating Extragroup mating is--- Consortships and possessive mating---	tolerated and common; rare in bonobos
	Mating system? Bonobos (same ---, diff ---than chimps) Opportunistic mating Extragroup mating is tolerated and common Consortships and possessive mating rare in bonobos	range;frequencies
	Sexual behavior --- Females initiate 1/4 -1/3 mating attempts Copulations rates highest during maximum tumescence	Chimps
	Sexual behavior Chimps --- initiate 1/4 -1/3 mating attempts	Females
	Sexual behavior Chimps Females initiate--- mating attempts	1/4 -1/3
	Sexual behavior Chimps Females initiate 1/4 -1/3 mating attempts Copulations rates highest during ---	maximum tumescence
	Sexual behavior --- Mating is Male initiated Copulation rates during IBI > than chimps High level of same sex sexual behavior, esp. among females (G-G rubbing) Sociosexual behavior functions to reduce aggression and mediate feeding competition	Bonobos
	Sexual behavior Bonobos Mating is --- initiated	Male
	Sexual behavior Bonobos Mating is Male initiated Copulation rates during ---than chimps High level of same sex sexual behavior, esp. among females (G-G rubbing) --- behavior functions to reduce aggression and mediate feeding competition	IBI > ;Sociosexual
	Sexual behavior Bonobos Mating is Male initiated Copulation rates during IBI > than chimps High level of --- sexual behavior, esp. among females	same sex
	Sexual behavior Bonobos Mating is Male initiated Copulation rates during IBI > than chimps High level of same sex sexual behavior, esp. among ---(---) Sociosexual behavior functions to reduce aggression and mediate feeding competition	females ;G-G rubbing
	Sexual behavior Bonobos Mating is Male initiated Copulation rates during IBI > than chimps High level of same sex sexual behavior, esp. among females (G-G rubbing) Sociosexual behavior functions to --- and---	reduce aggression; mediate feeding competition
	Life history and reproductive ecology --- IBI --- year and duration of lactational amenorrhea varies Ecological constraints clear Sexual swellings 10 -15 days, relatively reliable indicator of ovulation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YQrLPW5DdY&feature=more_related	Chimp;5-6
	Life history and reproductive ecology Chimp IBI 5-6 year and duration of --- varies Ecological constraints clear Sexual swellings 10 -15 days, relatively reliable indicator of ovulation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YQrLPW5DdY&feature=more_related	lactational amenorrhea
	Life history and reproductive ecology Chimp IBI 5-6 year and duration of lactational amenorrhea varies Ecological constraints clear Sexual swellings 10 -15 days, relatively reliable indicator of --- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YQrLPW5DdY&feature=more_related	ovulation
	Life history and reproductive ecology Chimp IBI 5-6 year and duration of lactational amenorrhea varies Ecological constraints clear Sexual swellings --- days, relatively reliable indicator of ovulation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YQrLPW5DdY&feature=more_related	10 -15
	Life history and reproductive ecology Chimp IBI 5-6 year and duration of lactational amenorrhea --- Ecological constraints clear Sexual swellings 10 -15 days, relatively reliable indicator of ovulation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YQrLPW5DdY&feature=more_related	varies
	Life history and reproductive ecology Bonobos IBI and duration of lactational amenorrhea < chimps ---ecologically constrained compared to chimps Sexual swellings through most of cycle, NOT as reliable an indication of ovulation Ovulation may occur post swelling Sexual swelling during pregnancy and lactation	Less
	Life history and reproductive ecology Bonobos IBI and duration of lactational amenorrhea --chimps Less ecologically constrained than chimps Sexual swellings through most of cycle, NOT as reliable an indication of ovulation Ovulation may occur post swelling Sexual swelling during pregnancy and lactation	<
	Life history and reproductive ecology Bonobos ---and---- < chimps Less ecologically constrained than chimps Sexual swellings through most of cycle, NOT as reliable an indication of ovulation Ovulation may occur post swelling Sexual swelling during pregnancy and lactation	IBI and duration of lactational amenorrhea
	Life history and reproductive ecology Bonobos IBI and duration of lactational amenorrhea < chimps Less ecologically constrained than chimps --- through most of cycle, NOT as reliable an indication of ovulation Ovulation may occur post swelling Sexual swelling during pregnancy and lactation	Sexual swellings
	Life history and reproductive ecology --- IBI and duration of lactational amenorrhea < chimps Less ecologically constrained than chimps Sexual swellings through most of cycle, NOT as reliable an indication of ovulation Ovulation may occur post swelling Sexual swelling during pregnancy and lactation	Bonobos
	Life history and reproductive ecology Bonobos IBI and duration of lactational amenorrhea < chimps Less ecologically constrained than chimps Sexual swellings through most of cycle, NOT as reliable an indication of ovulation Ovulation may occur--- Sexual swelling during---	post swelling; pregnancy and lactation
	Recall: Flexible social grouping In general, ---are determinants of group size and composition	food abundance and distribution, presence of estrous females, and predation pressure
	Recall: Within group social relations very different between species --- Female dominance or co-cominance over males and strong F-F bonds (despite male philopatry and female dispersal!) Females lead in feeding parties http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0tAQcpLILQ Little evidence for male-male coalitions Male-male grooming bouts least common Female – female relations in group cohesiveness Maternal rank influences rank of (philopatric) son Could this be a social explanation for mixed sex grouping? Ecological explanations for mixed sex feeding/foraging parties Note distinction between “feeding” and “foraging”	Bonobo
	Between community relations --- Very territorial, patrol borders, lethal aggression All male patrols first described in eastern sites (Gombe, Mahale); mixed sex patrols in west Protecting food resources and mates	Chimp
	Between community relations Chimp Very territorial, patrol borders, lethal aggression --- patrols first described in eastern sites (Gombe, Mahale); --- patrols in west Protecting food resources and mates	All male;mixed sex
	Between community relations Chimp Very territorial, patrol borders, lethal aggression All male patrols first described in eastern sites (Gombe, Mahale); mixed sex patrols in west Protecting ---	food resources and mates
	Between community relations…different betweem species --- Territorial but less aggressive, home range overlap Intergroup encounters can include grooming, mating and sociosexual behavior Possibly less mating and feeding competition than chimps	Bonobo
	Between community relations…different betweem species Bonobo Territorial but less aggressive, home range overlap Intergroup encounters can include ---l behavior Possibly less mating and feeding competition than chimps	grooming, mating and sociosexua
	Between community relations…different betweem species Bonobo Territorial but less aggressive, home range overlap Intergroup encounters can include grooming, mating and sociosexual behavior Possibly --- mating and feeding competition than chimps	less
	Between community relations…different betweem species Bonobo Territorial, --- aggressive, home range overlap Intergroup encounters can include grooming, mating and sociosexual behavior Possibly less mating and feeding competition than chimps	less
	Between community relations…different betweem species Bonobo Territorial but less aggressive, home range --- Intergroup encounters can include grooming, mating and sociosexual behavior Possibly less mating and feeding competition than chimps	overlap
	Between community relations…different betweem species Bonobo Territorial but less aggressive, home range overlap Intergroup encounters can include grooming, mating and sociosexual behavior Possibly less ---than chimps	mating and feeding competition
	Chimps and Bonobos --- and ---shared a common ancestor approximately 1 million years ago They are equally closely related to humans Underlying ecology may explain some of the behavioral differences between them Group structure, male and female behavior differs between the species	Pan troglodytes;Pan paniscus
	Chimps and Bonobos Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus shared a common ancestor approximately-- million years ago They are equally closely related to humans Underlying ecology may explain some of the behavioral differences between them Group structure, male and female behavior differs between the species	1
	Chimps and Bonobos Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus shared a common ancestor approximately 1 million years ago They are equally closely related to humans Underlying ecology may explain some of the behavioral differences between them ---differs between the species	Group structure, male and female behavior
	Chimps and Bonobos Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus shared a common ancestor approximately 1 million years ago They are equally closely related to humans Underlying --- may explain some of the behavioral differences between them Group structure, male and female behavior differs between the species	ecology
	Hominidae Phylogeny remember – phylogeny refers to--- Gorillas = our closet relatives after Chimp/bonobo	the evolutionary relationship among taxonomic groups
	Hominidae Phylogeny remember – phylogeny refers to the evolutionary relationship among taxonomic groups --- = our closet relatives after Chimp/bonobo	Gorillas
	Hominidae Phylogeny remember – phylogeny refers to the evolutionary relationship among taxonomic groups Gorillas = our closet relatives after ---	Chimp/bonobo
	--- Phylogeny remember – phylogeny refers to the evolutionary relationship among taxonomic groups Gorillas = our closet relatives after Chimp/bonobo	Hominidae
	Geographic range (Gorilla) --- to ----	Coastal lowland forests;3700m (>12,000ft) altitude
	Geographic range (Gorilla) Coastal lowland forests to 3700m (>12,000ft) altitude 2 allopatric species ---: western lowland and cross river gorilla ---: eastern lowland(Graurer’s) and mountain gorilla Split 0.9 – 1.6 MYA	Gorilla gorilla;Gorilla beringei
	Geographic range (Gorilla) Coastal lowland forests to 3700m (>12,000ft) altitude 2 allopatric species Gorilla gorilla: --- and ---gorilla Gorilla beringei: ---and ---gorilla Split 0.9 – 1.6 MYA	western lowland;cross river ;eastern lowland(Graurer’s) ;mountain
	Geographic range (Gorilla) Coastal lowland forests to 3700m (>12,000ft) altitude 2 allopatric species Gorilla gorilla: western lowland and cross river gorilla Gorilla beringei: eastern lowland(---) and mountain gorilla Split 0.9 – 1.6 MYA	Graurer’s
	Geographic range (Gorilla) Coastal lowland forests to 3700m (>12,000ft) altitude 2 allopatric species Gorilla gorilla: western lowland and cross river gorilla Gorilla beringei: eastern lowland(Graurer’s) and mountain gorilla Split--- MYA	0.9 – 1.6
	Feeding Ecology (Gorilla) Diet?	Largely vegetarian, +ants and termites
	Feeding Ecology (Gorilla) Largely vegetarian, +ants and termites --- body size, --- hind gut, and slow passage rate through hindgut where fermentation takes place enable this diet Historically, mountain gorillas 1st and best studied Folivore/herbivore Now know folivore/frugivore more accurate	Large;enlarged
	Feeding Ecology (Gorilla) Largely vegetarian, +ants and termites Large body size, enlarged hind gut, and --- passage rate through hindgut where--- takes place enable this diet Historically, mountain gorillas 1st and best studied Folivore/herbivore Now know folivore/frugivore more accurate	slow; fermentation
	Feeding Ecology (Gorilla) Largely vegetarian, +ants and termites Large body size, enlarged ---, and slow passage rate through---where fermentation takes place enable this diet Historically, mountain gorillas 1st and best studied Folivore/herbivore Now know folivore/frugivore more accurate	hind gut;hind gut
	Feeding Ecology (Gorilla) Largely vegetarian, +ants and termites Large body size, enlarged hind gut, and slow passage rate through hindgut where fermentation takes place enable this diet Historically, --- gorillas 1st and best studied Folivore/herbivore Now know folivore/frugivore more accurate	mountain
	Feeding Ecology (Gorilla) Largely vegetarian, +ants and termites Large body size, enlarged hind gut, and slow passage rate through hindgut where fermentation takes place enable this diet Historically, mountain gorillas 1st and best studied Diet?	Folivore/herbivore Now know folivore/frugivore more accurate
	Ranging patterns (Gorilla) territorial?	Not territorial
	Ranging patterns (Gorilla) Not territorial Because of high variation in use of fruit can test impact of feeding ecology on ranging patterns --- positively correlated to amount of fruit consumed Home range size is influenced by fruit consumption mate-acquisition strategies group size and demographics population density	Day travel distance
	Ranging patterns (Gorilla) Not territorial Because of high variation in use of fruit can test impact of feeding ecology on ranging patterns Day travel distance positively correlated to --- Home range size is influenced by fruit consumption mate-acquisition strategies group size and demographics population density	amount of fruit consumed
	Ranging patterns (Gorilla) Not territorial Because of high variation in use of fruit can test impact of feeding ecology on ranging patterns Day travel distance positively correlated to amount of fruit consumed Home range size is influenced by (4)	fruit consumption mate-acquisition strategies group size and demographics population density
	Ranging patterns (Gorilla) Not territorial Because of ---- can test impact of feeding ecology on ranging patterns Day travel distance positively correlated to amount of fruit consumed Home range size is influenced by fruit consumption mate-acquisition strategies group size and demographics population density	high variation in use of fruit
	Ranging patterns (---) Not territorial Because of high variation in use of fruit can test impact of feeding ecology on ranging patterns Day travel distance positively correlated to amount of fruit consumed Home range size is influenced by fruit consumption mate-acquisition strategies group size and demographics population density	Gorilla
	Group Structure and Dispersal Patterns (Gorilla) Average group size: --- Either sex may be philopatric Either sex may disperse from their natal group, most common fro females Emmigration (leave) vs. immigration (enter) Inbreeding avoidance Secondary dispersal for both sexes is documented Variability may be due to demographic factors	9 - 10
	Group Structure and Dispersal Patterns (Gorilla) Average group size: 9 - 10 ---- philopatric	Either sex may be
	Group Structure and Dispersal Patterns (Gorilla) Average group size: 9 - 10 Either sex may be philopatric Either sex may disperse from their natal group, most common for ---	females
	Group Structure and Dispersal Patterns (Gorilla) Average group size: 9 - 10 Either sex may be philopatric Either sex may disperse from their natal group, most common fro females Emmigration (leave) vs. immigration (enter) --- avoidance --- dispersal for both sexes is documented Variability may be due to demographic factors	Inbreeding;Secondary
	Group Structure and Dispersal Patterns (Gorilla) Average group size: 9 - 10 Either sex may be philopatric Either sex may disperse from their natal group, most common fro females Emmigration (leave) vs. immigration (enter) Inbreeding avoidance Secondary dispersal for both sexes is documented Variability may be due to --- factors	demographic
	Gorilla mating patterns Often --- m:f ratio?	polygyny ;single-male (silverback)/multi-female
	Gorilla mating patterns Often polygyny single-male (silverback)/multi-female High male-male ---competition for mating opportunities Function for females as protection from infanticide Sometimes Polygamous mating multi-male/multi-female groups sons of silverback may stay but other males are unrelated Moderate reproductive skew	precopulatory
	Gorilla mating patterns Often polygyny single-male (silverback)/multi-female High male-male precopulatory competition for mating opportunities Function for females as protection from --- Sometimes Polygamous mating multi-male/multi-female groups sons of silverback may stay but other males are unrelated Moderate reproductive skew	infanticide
	Gorilla mating patterns Often polygyny single-male (silverback)/multi-female High male-male precopulatory competition for mating opportunities Function for females as protection from infanticide Sometimes --- mating --- groups	Polygamous;multi-male/multi-female
	Gorilla mating patterns Often polygyny single-male (silverback)/multi-female High male-male precopulatory competition for mating opportunities Function for females as protection from infanticide Sometimes Polygamous mating multi-male/multi-female groups --- may stay but other males are unrelated Moderate reproductive skew	sons of silverback
	Gorilla Summary Compared/contrasted with Chimp/Bonobo Our next closest relative Greater --- in dispersal patterns Larger body size, higher level of sexual dimorphism, more herbacious diet, smaller group size, tendency to polygyny	flexibility
	Gorilla Summary Compared/contrasted with Chimp/Bonobo Our next closest relative Greater flexibility in dispersal patterns --- body size, higher level of sexual dimorphism, more herbacious diet, smaller group size, tendency to polygyny	Larger
	Gorilla Summary Compared/contrasted with Chimp/Bonobo Our next closest relative Greater flexibility in dispersal patterns Larger body size, -- dimorphism, more herbacious diet, smaller group size, tendency to polygyny	higher level of sexual
	Gorilla Summary Compared/contrasted with Chimp/Bonobo Our next closest relative Greater flexibility in dispersal patterns Larger body size, higher level of sexual dimorphism, --- diet, smaller group size, tendency to polygyny	more herbacious
	Gorilla Summary Compared/contrasted with Chimp/Bonobo Our next closest relative Greater flexibility in dispersal patterns Larger body size, higher level of sexual dimorphism, more herbacious diet,--- group size, tendency to polygyny	smaller
	Gorilla Summary Compared/contrasted with Chimp/Bonobo Our next closest relative Greater flexibility in dispersal patterns Larger body size, higher level of sexual dimorphism, more herbacious diet, smaller group size, tendency to what mating?	polygyny
	-- are our closet relatives after Chimp/bonobo and Gorilla	Orangutans
	Orangutans Orangs are our closet relatives after --- Diverged about 12 MYA	Chimp/bonobo and Gorilla
	Orangutans Orangs are our closet relatives after Chimp/bonobo and Gorilla Diverged about ---MYA	12 MYA
	General morphology (Orangutan) --- level of sexual dimorphism	High
	General morphology (Orangutan) High level of sexual dimorphism F ---lbs,--- ft; M ---lbs,--- ft	80; 2 ½;190; 3+
	General morphology (Orangutan) High level of sexual dimorphism F 80lbs, 2 ½ ft; M 190lbs, 3+ ft SD ratio--- Largest primarily arboreal mammal Highly frugivorous Mostly solitary Long hands and feet, shallow, hyperflexible hip joint Quadrumanuous clamboring Males display bi-maturation Results in 2 adult phenotypes “flanged” males unflanged” males	2.22:1
	General morphology (Orangutan) High level of sexual dimorphism F 80lbs, 2 ½ ft; M 190lbs, 3+ ft SD ratio 2.22:1 Largest primarily --- mammal Highly frugivorous Mostly solitary Long hands and feet, shallow, hyperflexible hip joint Quadrumanuous clamboring Males display bi-maturation Results in 2 adult phenotypes “flanged” males unflanged” males	arboreal
	General morphology (Orangutan) Social of solitary? Long hands and feet, shallow, hyperflexible hip joint Quadrumanuous clamboring Males display bi-maturation Results in 2 adult phenotypes “flanged” males unflanged” males	mostly solitary
	(Orangutan) Diet type?	Highly frugivorous
	Two Species of Orangutan Split dated at about ---MYA Pongo pygmaeus, P. abellii Some morphological differences	1.5
	Two Species of Orangutan?	Pongo pygmaeus, P. abellii
	Two Species of Orangutan Split dated at about 1.5 MYA Pongo pygmaeus, P. abellii Some --- differences	morphological
	Geographic Distribution (Orangutan) Once throughout ---(fossil evidence) Now ONLY--- In true wet rain forests (2000 – 4500mm avg. annual rainfall) Pongo pygmaeus Pongo abelii Allopatric species	Asia ; Borneo and Sumatra
	Geographic Distribution (Orangutan) habitat type?	true wet rain forests (2000 – 4500mm avg. annual rainfall)
	Geographic Distribution (Orangutan) Once throughout Asia (fossil evidence) Now ONLY Borneo and Sumatra In true wet rain forests (---mm avg. annual rainfall) Pongo pygmaeus Pongo abelii Allopatric species	2000 – 4500
	Geographic Distribution (Orangutan) Once throughout Asia (fossil evidence) Now ONLY Borneo and Sumatra In true wet rain forests (2000 – 4500mm avg. annual rainfall) Pongo pygmaeus Pongo abelii ---patric species	Allo
	General Ecology and Activity (Orangutan) --- of the oldest forests on earth Lowland dipterocarp forests, primary tropical rainforests and old secondary forests, lowland swamp and peat swamp 95% time eating, resting and traveling between eating and resting sites Day range up to 2 miles Home range of males >> females	Isolated fragments
	General Ecology and Activity (Orangutan) Isolated fragments of the --- Lowland dipterocarp forests, primary tropical rainforests and old secondary forests, lowland swamp and peat swamp 95% time eating, resting and traveling between eating and resting sites Day range up to 2 miles Home range of males >> females	oldest forests on earth
	General Ecology and Activity (Orangutan) Isolated fragments of the oldest forests on earth --- forests, --- and ---forests, lowland swamp and peat swamp 95% time eating, resting and traveling between eating and resting sites Day range up to 2 miles Home range of males >> females	Lowland dipterocarp;primary tropical rainforests;old secondary
	General Ecology and Activity (Orangutan) Isolated fragments of the oldest forests on earth Lowland dipterocarp forests, primary tropical rainforests and old secondary forests, ---swamp and---swamp 95% time eating, resting and traveling between eating and resting sites Day range up to 2 miles Home range of males >> females	lowland ; peat
	General Ecology and Activity (Orangutan) Isolated fragments of the oldest forests on earth Lowland dipterocarp forests, primary tropical rainforests and old secondary forests, lowland swamp and peat swamp ---% time eating, resting and traveling between eating and resting sites Day range up to 2 miles Home range of males >> females	95
	General Ecology and Activity (Orangutan) Isolated fragments of the oldest forests on earth Lowland dipterocarp forests, primary tropical rainforests and old secondary forests, lowland swamp and peat swamp 95% time eating, resting and traveling between eating and resting sites Day range up to --- --- have larger home range	2 miles;Males
	Feeding Ecology (Orangutan) Diet?	Primarily frugivore but also buds, flowers, young leaves, bark, sap, reed roots, bird eggs, spider webs, termites, caterpillars, ants, fungi, honey, and other various plant parts (http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/orangutan)
	Feeding Ecology (Orangutan) Primarily frugivore but also buds, flowers, young leaves, bark, sap, reed roots, bird eggs, spider webs, termites, caterpillars, ants, fungi, honey, and other various plant parts (http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/orangutan) ---family of trees	Dipterocarpaceae
	Feeding Ecology (Orangutan) Mast --- ---year intervals Nearly 90% of fruiting is synchronized Subsequent periods of extremely low fruit availability Sumatra less extreme variation than Borneo Primarily solitary foragers	fruiting cycles;2-10
	Feeding Ecology (Orangutan) Mast fruiting cycles 2-10 year intervals Nearly 90% of fruiting is --- Subsequent periods of extremely low fruit availability Sumatra less extreme variation than Borneo Primarily solitary foragers	synchronized
	Feeding Ecology (Orangutan) 2-10 year intervals Nearly 90% of fruiting is synchronized Subsequent periods of extremely low fruit availability -- less extreme variation than --- Primarily---foragers	Sumatra;Borneo; solitary
	Feeding Ecology (Orangutan) Mast fruiting cycles 2-10 year intervals Nearly ---% of fruiting is synchronized Subsequent periods of--- Sumatra less extreme variation than Borneo Primarily solitary foragers	90; extremely low fruit availability
	Ranging (Orangutan) --- and ---range alone Resident females have HR with immature offspring that overlaps that of other females Resident males (flanged) have large HR that overlaps several female HR. (primary breeder) Non-resident males (both adult and subadult) and females range broadly overlapping with resident animals	Adult males;independent adolescents of both sexes
	Ranging (Orangutan) Adult males and independent adolescents of both sexes range alone --- have HR with immature offspring that overlaps that of other females ---have large HR that overlaps several female HR. (primary breeder) Non-resident males (both adult and subadult) and females range broadly overlapping with resident animals	Resident females;Resident males (flanged)
	Ranging (Orangutan) Adult males and independent adolescents of both sexes range alone Resident females have HR with immature offspring that overlaps that of other females Resident males (flanged) have large HR that overlaps several female HR. (primary breeder) --- (both adult and subadult) and females range broadly overlapping with resident animals	Non-resident males
	Dispersal (Orangutan) Some degree of--- philopatry Males disperse over long distances from their mother and female kin Experience a nomadic phase Males do not acquire a home range in which they are the Resident male until they displace an existing dominant male	Female
	Dispersal (Orangutan) Some degree of Female philopatry Males disperse over---distances from their mother and female kin	long
	Dispersal (Orangutan) Some degree of Female philopatry Males disperse over long distances from their mother and female kin Experience a --- phase Males do not acquire a home range in which they are the Resident male until they displace an existing dominant male	nomadic
	Dispersal (Orangutan) Some degree of Female philopatry Males disperse over long distances from their mother and female kin Experience a nomadic phase Males do not acquire a home range in which they are the Resident male until ---	they displace an existing dominant male
	Social Organization (Orangutan) Classed as --- Slow to learn about this because animals so often solitary Overlapping ranges means occasional social contact Resident males agonistic; dominance hierarchy if in regular contact Resident females can be aggressive, avoid, or affable Temporary feeding aggregations ( if food scarce, travel independently) Travel bands (when high food availability)	semi-solitary
	Social Organization (Orangutan) Classed as semi-solitary Slow to learn about this because --- Overlapping ranges means occasional social contact Resident males agonistic; dominance hierarchy if in regular contact Resident females can be aggressive, avoid, or affable Temporary feeding aggregations ( if food scarce, travel independently) Travel bands (when high food availability)	animals so often solitary
	Social Organization (Orangutan) Classed as semi-solitary Slow to learn about this because animals so often solitary Overlapping ranges means --- Resident males agonistic; dominance hierarchy if in regular contact Resident females can be aggressive, avoid, or affable Temporary feeding aggregations ( if food scarce, travel independently) Travel bands (when high food availability)	occasional social contact
	Social Organization (Orangutan) Classed as semi-solitary Slow to learn about this because animals so often solitary --- means occasional social contact Resident males agonistic; dominance hierarchy if in regular contact Resident females can be aggressive, avoid, or affable Temporary feeding aggregations ( if food scarce, travel independently) Travel bands (when high food availability)	Overlapping ranges
	Social Organization (Orangutan) Classed as semi-solitary Slow to learn about this because animals so often solitary Overlapping ranges means occasional social contact --- agonistic; dominance hierarchy if in regular contact --- can be aggressive, avoid, or affable Temporary feeding aggregations ( if food scarce, travel independently) Travel bands (when high food availability)	Resident males;Resident females
	Developmental patterns (Orangutan) ---infant mortality, --- maternal investment	Low ;extremely high level of
	Developmental patterns (Orangutan) Low infant mortality, extremely high level of maternal investment IBI--- years, may continue to carry up to age --and nurse until age ---	7-9;6 ;8
	Developmental patterns (Orangutan) Low infant mortality, extremely high level of maternal investment IBI 7-9 years, may continue to carry up to age 6 and nurse until age 8 Juveniles not ecological independent until ---years of age Males – bimaturation, can remain unflanged for up to 20 years post-puberty	8-10
	Developmental patterns (Orangutan) Low infant mortality, extremely high level of maternal investment IBI 7-9 years, may continue to carry up to age 6 and nurse until age 8 Juveniles not ecological independent until 8-10 years of age Males – ---, can remain unflanged for up to 20 years post-puberty	bimaturation
	Developmental patterns (Orangutan) Low infant mortality, extremely high level of maternal investment IBI 7-9 years, may continue to carry up to age 6 and nurse until age 8 Juveniles not ecological independent until 8-10 years of age Males – bimaturation, can remain ---for up to --- years post-puberty	unflanged ;20
	Developmental patterns (Orangutan) Low infant mortality, extremely high level of maternal investment IBI 7-9 years, may continue to carry up to age 6 and nurse until age 8 Juveniles not ecological independent until 8-10 years of age --- – bimaturation, can remain unflanged for up to 20 years post-puberty	Males
	Male-female relations (Orangutan) ---long term associations	Some
	Male-female relations (Orangutan) Some long term associations Mating frequency---	very low
	Male-female relations (Orangutan) Some long term associations Mating frequency very low – females very sensitive to ---- Forced copulations are common, both flanged and unflanged males exhibit this behavior Female preference expressed Relatively little difference if RS of flanged vs. unflanged males	energy constraints
	Male-female relations (Orangutan) Some long term associations Mating frequency very low – females very sensitive to energy constraints --- are common, both flanged and unflanged males exhibit this behavior Female preference expressed Relatively little difference if RS of flanged vs. unflanged males	Forced copulations
	Male-female relations (Orangutan) Some long term associations Mating frequency very low – females very sensitive to energy constraints Forced copulations are common, both flanged and unflanged males exhibit this behavior ---preference expressed Relatively little difference if RS --- males	Female ;of flanged vs. unflanged
	Male-female relations (Orangutan) Some long term associations Mating frequency very low – females very sensitive to energy constraints Forced copulations are common,--- males exhibit this behavior Female preference expressed Relatively little difference if RS of flanged vs. unflanged males	both flanged and unflanged
	Bimaturation in males (orangutan) Puberty ---yr Full development of 2O sexual characteristics 15 – 20yr When “proper” social conditions arise, i.e. in the absence of resident, flanged male Alternatively, delay up to 20 yr post-puberty Function of long calls of flanged, resident males Attract females Suppress other males development	8 – 15
	Bimaturation in males (orangutan) Puberty 8 – 15yr Full development of 2O sexual characteristics 15 – 20yr When “proper” social conditions arise, i.e. in the absence of resident, flanged male Alternatively, delay up to 20 yr post-puberty Function of --- of flanged, resident males Attract females Suppress other males development	long calls
	Bimaturation in males (orangutan) Puberty 8 – 15yr Full development of 2O sexual characteristics ---yr When “proper” social conditions arise, i.e. in the absence of resident, flanged male Alternatively, delay up to 20 yr post-puberty Function of long calls of flanged, resident males Attract females Suppress other males development	15 – 20
	Bimaturation in males (orangutan) Puberty 8 – 15yr Full development of --sexual characteristics 15 – 20yr When “proper” social conditions arise, i.e. in the absence of resident, flanged male Alternatively, delay up to 20 yr post-puberty Function of long calls of flanged, resident males Attract females Suppress other males development	2O
	Bimaturation in males (orangutan) Puberty 8 – 15yr Full development of 2O sexual characteristics 15 – 20yr When “proper” social conditions arise, i.e. in the absence of--- Alternatively, delay up to 20 yr post-puberty Function of long calls of flanged, resident males Attract females Suppress other males development	resident, flanged male
	Bimaturation in males (orangutan) Puberty 8 – 15yr Full development of 2O sexual characteristics 15 – 20yr When “proper” social conditions arise, i.e. in the absence of resident, flanged male Alternatively, delay up to --- yr post-puberty Function of long calls of flanged, resident males ---	20;Attract females Suppress other males development
	Lesser Apes” (---) Retain some OWM features Smaller bodied than other apes Ischial callosities, they sleep sitting up do not make nests like “great apes” Unique combination of behaviors highly frugivorous, territorial, stable pair-bonds, regular vocalizations Monomorphic Body size Both sexes large, saber-like canines canines Unique morphology related to “true” brachiation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eV-gOL4t9Vk	Gibbons
	Lesser Apes” (Gibbons) Retain some --- features ---bodied than other apes Ischial callosities, they sleep sitting up do not make nests like “great apes”	OWM;Smaller
	Lesser Apes” (Gibbons) Retain some OWM features Smaller bodied than other apes ----, they sleep sitting up do not make nests like “great apes”	Ischial callosities
	Lesser Apes” (Gibbons) Retain some OWM features Smaller bodied than other apes Ischial callosities, they sleep ---do not make nests like “great apes”	sitting up
	Lesser Apes” (Gibbons) Retain some OWM features Smaller bodied than other apes Ischial callosities, they sleep sitting up do not make nests like “great apes” Unique combination of behaviors Diet?	highly frugivorous,
	Lesser Apes” (Gibbons) Retain some OWM features Smaller bodied than other apes Ischial callosities, they sleep sitting up do not make nests like “great apes” Unique combination of behaviors highly frugivorous, territorial, --- pair-bonds, regular vocalizations ---morphic Body size	stable;Mono
	Biogeography (Gibbons) Found in --- and ---	southeast Asia;southern China
	Biogeography (Gibbons) Found in southeast Asia and southern China Gibbons are ---patric BUT Symphalangus ---patric with Hylobates	allo;sym
	Biogeography (Gibbons) Found in southeast Asia and southern China Gibbons are allopatric BUT --- sympatric with ---	Symphalangus ;Hylobates
	Distinctions among Genera (Gibbons) ---: diploid number, 44 chromosomes; asexual dichromatism Hoolock: diploid number, 38 chromosomes; sexual dichromatism Nomascus: diploid number, 52 chromosomes; sexual dichromatism Symphalangus: diploid number, 50 chromosomes; largest body size, up to about 15kg	Hylobates
	Distinctions among Genera (Gibbons) Hylobates: diploid number, 44 chromosomes; asexual dichromatism ---: diploid number, 38 chromosomes; sexual dichromatism Nomascus: diploid number, 52 chromosomes; sexual dichromatism Symphalangus: diploid number, 50 chromosomes; largest body size, up to about 15kg	Hoolock
	Distinctions among Genera (Gibbons) Hylobates: diploid number, 44 chromosomes; asexual dichromatism Hoolock: diploid number, 38 chromosomes; sexual dichromatism ---: diploid number, 52 chromosomes; sexual dichromatism Symphalangus: diploid number, 50 chromosomes; largest body size, up to about 15kg	Nomascus
	Distinctions among Genera (Gibbons) Hylobates: diploid number, 44 chromosomes; asexual dichromatism Hoolock: diploid number, 38 chromosomes; sexual dichromatism Nomascus: diploid number, 52 chromosomes; sexual dichromatism ---: diploid number, 50 chromosomes; largest body size, up to about 15kg	Symphalangus
	Vocalizations or Songs (Gibbons) ---are also distinguished by vocalizations (genera differ)	Taxa
	Vocalizations or Songs (Gibbons) Taxa are also distinguished by vocalizations (genera differ) Function to --- and---	cement the pair bond; support territoriality
	Vocalizations or Songs (Gibbons) Taxa are also distinguished by vocalizations (genera differ) Function to cement the pair bond and support territoriality Both solos and duets; duets have ---, female great call and male reply http://www.gibbons.de/main/sound.html	introductory sequence
	Vocalizations or Songs (Gibbons) Taxa are also distinguished by vocalizations (genera differ) Function to cement the pair bond and support territoriality Both solos and duets; duets have introductory sequence, --- great call and--- reply http://www.gibbons.de/main/sound.html	female; male
	General ecology (Gibbons) Occupy---- territories Home range about --- ha, may defend about ---% range	small well defended;40;80
	General ecology (Gibbons) Travel territories thoroughly in search of ---	ripe fruit
	General ecology (Gibbons) Occupy small well defended territories Home range about 40 ha, may defend about 80% range Travel territories thoroughly in search of ripe fruit Fruit ---% diet on average, also young leaves, flowers, insects Figs as an important fruit (25% diet) Symphalangus and Nomascus > leaves than other taxa Terminal branch feeding important	59
	General ecology (Gibbons) Occupy small well defended territories Home range about 40 ha, may defend about 80% range Travel territories thoroughly in search of ripe fruit Fruit 59% diet on average, also ---	young leaves, flowers, insects
	General ecology (Gibbons) Occupy small well defended territories Home range about 40 ha, may defend about 80% range Travel territories thoroughly in search of ripe fruit Fruit 59% diet on average, also young leaves, flowers, insects --- as an important fruit (---% diet) Symphalangus and Nomascus > leaves than other taxa Terminal branch feeding important	Figs;25
	Locomotion and foraging (Gibbons) True --- Rapid swinging locomotion; hook-like hands and super-flexible shoulder, elbow and wrist Energetically demanding http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSLFHPd8LX0	brachiators
	Locomotion and foraging (Gibbons) True brachiators --- locomotion; hook-like hands and super-flexible shoulder, elbow and wrist Energetically demanding http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSLFHPd8LX0	Rapid swinging
	Locomotion and foraging (Gibbons) True brachiators Rapid swinging locomotion; ---hands and super-flexible shoulder, elbow and wrist Energetically demanding http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSLFHPd8LX0	hook-like
	Locomotion and foraging (Gibbons) True brachiators Rapid swinging locomotion; hook-like hands and super-flexible --- Energetically demanding http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSLFHPd8LX0	shoulder, elbow and wrist
	Locomotion and foraging (Gibbons) True brachiators Rapid swinging locomotion; hook-like hands and super-flexible shoulder, elbow and wrist --- demanding	Energetically
	Locomotion and foraging (---) True brachiators Rapid swinging locomotion; hook-like hands and super-flexible shoulder, elbow and wrist Energetically demanding http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSLFHPd8LX0	Gibbons
	Territoriality (Gibbons) Indicated by behavior during ---	intergroup encounters
	Territoriality (Gibbons) Indicated by behavior during intergroup encounters Explain...	Vocalizations, male and female solos, duets Protracted chases between adults, especially males Occasionally (but rarely) lethal Explanation for territoriality is not well understood
	Territoriality (---) Indicated by behavior during intergroup encounters Vocalizations, male and female solos, duets Protracted chases between adults, especially males Occasionally (but rarely) lethal Explanation for territoriality is not well understood	Gibbons
	Social group structure (Gibbons) Often--- social group:	pair-bonded
	Social group structure (Gibbons) Often pair-bonded social group: --- adults ---- offspring Both sexes disperse, but dispersal is short distance - Adjacent groups contain kin Pair formation Less stable than originally thought New pairs “newlywed” model Take over model Replacement after death, disappearance or desertion	two;1 – 3
	Social group structure (Gibbons) Often pair-bonded social group: two adults 1 – 3 offspring ---- disperse, but dispersal is --- distance - Adjacent groups contain kin Pair formation Less stable than originally thought New pairs “newlywed” model Take over model Replacement after death, disappearance or desertion	Both sexes;short
	Social group structure (Gibbons) Often pair-bonded social group: two adults 1 – 3 offspring Both sexes disperse, but dispersal is short distance - ---groups contain kin Pair formation Less stable than originally thought New pairs “newlywed” model Take over model Replacement after death, disappearance or desertion	Adjacent
	Social group structure (---) Often pair-bonded social group: two adults 1 – 3 offspring Both sexes disperse, but dispersal is short distance - Adjacent groups contain kin Pair formation Less stable than originally thought New pairs “newlywed” model Take over model Replacement after death, disappearance or desertion	Gibbons
	True Monogamy? (Gibbons) --- is most common	Two-adult group with their own offspring
	True Monogamy? (Gibbons) Two-adult group with their own offspring is most common Numerous exceptions occur Extra-pair copulations documented Females (H. lar) at some sites maintain simultaneous sexual relations with ≥ 2 males, 21% in socially polyandrous groups --- are sometimes polygynous	Crested gibbons (Nomascus)
	Socioecology of Hylobatidae: Why pair-bonding? -- are an “overdispersed” resource --- patch size specialists Female antagonism due to feeding competition Males engage in pair bonds because Cannot defend > 1 female Protect against infanticide To guard their mate and assure paternity given the potential for EPCs Defend food resources given constraints of feeding ecology	Females;Small fruit, small food
	Socioecology of Hylobatidae: Why pair-bonding? Females are an “overdispersed” resource Small fruit, small food patch size specialists Female antagonism due to--- Males engage in pair bonds because Cannot defend > 1 female Protect against infanticide To guard their mate and assure paternity given the potential for EPCs Defend food resources given constraints of feeding ecology	feeding competition
	Socioecology of Hylobatidae: Why pair-bonding? Females are an “overdispersed” resource Small fruit, small food patch size specialists --- antagonism due to feeding competition Males engage in pair bonds because Cannot defend > 1 female Protect against infanticide To guard their mate and assure paternity given the potential for EPCs Defend food resources given constraints of feeding ecology	female
	Socioecology of Hylobatidae: Why pair-bonding? Females are an “overdispersed” resource Small fruit, small food patch size specialists Female antagonism due to feeding competition Males engage in pair bonds because	Cannot defend > 1 female Protect against infanticide To guard their mate and assure paternity given the potential for EPCs Defend food resources given constraints of feeding ecology
	LCA and beyond Humans shared a common ancestor with --- ≈7 MYA “LCA” = last common ancestor Fossil record of our lineage rich What do we know? 4-5 MYA: chimp-size brain, high sexual dimorphism, and bipedal 2-4 MYA: chimp-size brain, body but not canine dimorphism, bipedal 2 MYA onward: brain size expansion, larger body size, reduced dimorphism, efficient bipedalism, slowed life history, stone tool use Moasic evolution of body, brain, teeth Film clip “Bipeds Evolving” http://digital.films.com.libproxy.temple.edu/PortalViewVideo.aspx?xtid=56001#	chimp/bonobo
	LCA and beyond Humans shared a common ancestor with chimp/bonobo ≈--- MYA “LCA” = last common ancestor Fossil record of our lineage rich What do we know? 4-5 MYA: chimp-size brain, high sexual dimorphism, and bipedal 2-4 MYA: chimp-size brain, body but not canine dimorphism, bipedal 2 MYA onward: brain size expansion, larger body size, reduced dimorphism, efficient bipedalism, slowed life history, stone tool use Moasic evolution of body, brain, teeth Film clip “Bipeds Evolving” http://digital.films.com.libproxy.temple.edu/PortalViewVideo.aspx?xtid=56001#	7
	LCA and beyond Humans shared a common ancestor with chimp/bonobo ≈7 MYA “LCA” =--- Fossil record of our lineage rich What do we know? 4-5 MYA: chimp-size brain, high sexual dimorphism, and bipedal 2-4 MYA: chimp-size brain, body but not canine dimorphism, bipedal 2 MYA onward: brain size expansion, larger body size, reduced dimorphism, efficient bipedalism, slowed life history, stone tool use Moasic evolution of body, brain, teeth Film clip “Bipeds Evolving” http://digital.films.com.libproxy.temple.edu/PortalViewVideo.aspx?xtid=56001#	last common ancestor
	LCA and beyond Humans shared a common ancestor with chimp/bonobo ≈7 MYA “LCA” = last common ancestor --- of our lineage rich What do we know? 4-5 MYA: chimp-size brain, high sexual dimorphism, and bipedal 2-4 MYA: chimp-size brain, body but not canine dimorphism, bipedal 2 MYA onward: brain size expansion, larger body size, reduced dimorphism, efficient bipedalism, slowed life history, stone tool use Moasic evolution of body, brain, teeth Film clip “Bipeds Evolving” http://digital.films.com.libproxy.temple.edu/PortalViewVideo.aspx?xtid=56001#	Fossil record
	Hard Evidence and its limitations	The fossil record is invaluable Geological age of fossils Comparative and functional morphology Biomechanical analysis Complementary evidence (fossilized fauna and flora) Behavior doesn’t fossilize
	Types of models ----: choose a living species as a model for our ancestors - ecological similarity – savannah baboons - behavioral similarity – cooperative hunting in lions/wild dogs	Referential Model
	Types of models ---: use our closest living relatives Strategic models Theoretically grounded (socioecological perspective) to predict or reconstruct extinct hominin behavior	Phylogenetic Model
	Human life history ---gestation --- interbirth interval	Long ;Short
	Human life history ---weaning age --- development ---age sexual maturation and age at first birth Menopause	Early ;Slow;Late
	Human life history Long gestation Short interbirth interval Early weaning age Slow development Late age sexual maturation and age at first birth Menopause --- life span --- breeding Capacity for --- accumulation	Long;Cooperative;fat
	Human life history Long gestation Short interbirth interval Early weaning age Slow development Late age sexual maturation and age at first birth Menopause Long life span Cooperative breeding Capacity for fat accumulation Table 1 Wells, 2011 ABOVE ARE FLEXIBLE DEPENDING ON RESOURCE AVAILABILITY Selective agent favoring such traits? ---	Modulation of fecundability (flexible responses to resource base) Reduced mortality…can favor slower life history
	Human life history Long gestation Short interbirth interval Early weaning age Slow development Late age sexual maturation and age at first birth Menopause Long life span Cooperative breeding Capacity for fat accumulation Table 1 Wells, 2011 ABOVE ARE FLEXIBLE DEPENDING ON RESOURCE AVAILABILITY Selective agent favoring such traits? Modulation of fecundability (flexible responses to resource base) Reduced mortality…can favor ---	slower life history
	Natural Selection in a Stochastic Environment Selective Pressure ---- cycles with ----oscillations Frequent but unpredictable Options for Response Females sensitive at point of ovulation/conception Phenotypic plasticity Slow down, reduce infant mortality, remain sensitive to resources at conception, more, “hunker down” Speed up, inc. reproduction output when resources good, stack offspring, cooperative breeding, more, “hedge your bets”	Feast and famines;global climatic
	Natural Selection in a Stochastic Environment Selective Pressure Feast and famines cycles with global climatic oscillations Frequent but unpredictable Options for Response Females sensitive at point of--- Phenotypic plasticity Slow down, reduce infant mortality, remain sensitive to resources at conception, more, “hunker down” Speed up, inc. reproduction output when resources good, stack offspring, cooperative breeding, more, “hedge your bets”	ovulation/conception
	Natural Selection in a Stochastic Environment Selective Pressure Feast and famines cycles with global climatic oscillations Frequent but unpredictable Options for Response Females sensitive at point of ovulation/conception --- Slow down, reduce infant mortality, remain sensitive to resources at conception, more, “hunker down” Speed up, inc. reproduction output when resources good, stack offspring, cooperative breeding, more, “hedge your bets”	Phenotypic plasticity
	New Understanding Human brain is more than --- times the expected size for a mammals of our body weight and about --- times the size of that expected based on our great Ape relatives Section by stochastic environments change life history first and paved the way for brain expansion, not the other way around	6;3
	New Understanding Human brain is more than 6 times the expected size for a mammals of our body weight and about 3 times the size of that expected based on our great Ape relatives Section by---environments change life history first and paved the way for brain expansion, not the other way around	stochastic
	New Understanding Human brain is more than 6 times the expected size for a mammals of our body weight and about 3 times the size of that expected based on our great Ape relatives Section by stochastic environments change life history first and paved the way for --- expansion, not the other way around	brain
	“Lesser Apes”(Gibbons) Retain some OWM features Smaller bodied than other apes Ischial callosities, they sleep sitting up do not make nests like “great apes” Unique combination of behaviors highly frugivorous, territorial, stable pair-bonds, regular vocalizations Monomorphic Body size Both sexes---, saber-like canines canines Unique morphology related to “true” brachiation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eV-gOL4t9Vk	large
	“Lesser Apes”(Gibbons) Retain some OWM features Smaller bodied than other apes Ischial callosities, they sleep sitting up do not make nests like “great apes” Unique combination of behaviors highly frugivorous, territorial, stable pair-bonds, regular vocalizations Monomorphic Body size Both sexes large, saber-like canines canines Unique morphology related to --- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eV-gOL4t9Vk	“true” brachiation
	“Lesser Apes” (---) Retain some OWM features Smaller bodied than other apes Ischial callosities, they sleep sitting up do not make nests like “great apes” Unique combination of behaviors highly frugivorous, territorial, stable pair-bonds, regular vocalizations Monomorphic Body size Both sexes large,--- canines canines Unique morphology related to “true” brachiation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eV-gOL4t9Vk	Gibbons;saber-like
	General ecology (Gibbons) --- and --- > leaves than other taxa Terminal branch feeding important	Symphalangus;Nomascus
	General ecology (Gibbons) Symphalangus and Nomascus > leaves than other taxa --- branch feeding important	Terminal
	General morphology (Orangutan) --- hands and feet, --- hip joint Quadrumanuous clamboring Males display bi-maturation Results in 2 adult phenotypes “flanged” males unflanged” males	Long;shallow, hyperflexible
	General morphology (Orangutan) High level of sexual dimorphism F 80lbs, 2 ½ ft; M 190lbs, 3+ ft SD ratio 2.22:1 Largest primarily arboreal mammal Highly frugivorous Mostly solitary Long hands and feet, shallow, hyperflexible hip joint Quadrumanuous clamboring Males display bi-maturation Results in 2 adult phenotypes ---males --- males	“flanged” ;unflanged”
	General morphology (Orangutan) Long hands and feet, shallow, hyperflexible hip joint --- clamboring Males display bi-maturation Results in 2 adult phenotypes “flanged” males unflanged” males	Quadrumanuous
	General morphology (Orangutan) High level of sexual dimorphism F 80lbs, 2 ½ ft; M 190lbs, 3+ ft SD ratio 2.22:1 Largest primarily arboreal mammal Highly frugivorous Mostly solitary Long hands and feet, shallow, hyperflexible hip joint Quadrumanuous clamboring Males display--- Results in 2 adult phenotypes “flanged” males unflanged” males	bi-maturation
	Distinctions among Genera (Gibbons) Nomascus: diploid number, ---chromosomes; sexual dichromatism	52
	Distinctions among Genera (Gibbons) Symphalangus: diploid number, ---chromosomes; largest body size, up to about 15kg	50
	Distinctions among Genera (Gibbons) Hoolock: diploid number,---chromosomes; sexual dichromatism	38
	Distinctions among Genera (Gibbons) Hylobates: diploid number, --- chromosomes; asexual dichromatism	44
	Distinctions among Genera (Gibbons) Hylobates: diploid number, 44 chromosomes; ---dichromatism	asexual
	Distinctions among Genera (Gibbons) Symphalangus: diploid number, 50 chromosomes; --- body size, up to about ---kg	largest;15
	Distinctions among Genera (Gibbons) Nomascus: diploid number, 52 chromosomes; --- dichromatism	sexual
	Distinctions among Genera (Gibbons) Hoolock: diploid number, 38 chromosomes; ---dichromatism	sexual

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