Primate Ecology And Social Structure

Front 1

Self-controlling feedback system

Back 1

A system that is composed of groups of interrelated parts that function to produce an equilibrium.
Feedback loop mechanism = close loop system

Front 2

What are the four components of a feedback system

Back 2

1) Source of energy
2) Means of transferring energy into a usable form
3) System must have ability to vary with conditions (cannot be static)
4) System must have inherit limitations in efficiency. If too efficient, it will break down

Front 3

What are two problems of "equilibrium in ecology"

Back 3

1) No system is in constant and perfect equilibrium
2) Function of a system does not create stability (balance between competition and cooperation)

Front 4

What are the abiotic components of an ecosystem

Back 4

Elements: C,H,O,N,P,K
Solar energy

Front 5

What is a biome? What are the five components of a biome?

Back 5

Biome = combined relationship between abiotic and biotic elements
Main components: MALTA
1) Moisture
2) Altitude
3) Light
4) Temperature
5) Atmosphere

Front 6

What are the three classes of biotic elements?

Back 6

Producers- plants take abiotic elements and produce biotic elements
Consumers- obtain all energy from producers
Decomposers- feed of the dead organic material and convert biotic elements to abiotic (simple) organic material

Front 7

What is a trophic system? What are the different components of a trophic system?

Back 7

Trophic system- transfer of energy through an ecosystem

Autotrophic level- plants use solar energy to convert inorganic chemicals into organic chemicals. This is the first level of a trophic system. Competition for abiotic components determines the form of a plant

Hetertrophic level- get energy directly from biotic elements
1) Herbivores: These are primary consumers. Ex = colobinae
2) Carnivores: These are secondary consumers. Eat animals that eat plants. Ex = tarsiers
3) Decomposers

Front 8

What are some of the evolutionary adaptations that have been made by herbivores to aid in plant digestion?

Back 8

1) Many molars
2) Enlarged cecum
3) Multisached stomachs

Front 9

Self-controlling feedback system

Back 9

A system that is composed of groups of interrelated parts that function to produce an equilibrium.
Feedback loop mechanism = close loop system

Front 10

What are the four components of a feedback system

Back 10

1) Source of energy
2) Means of transferring energy into a usable form
3) System must have ability to vary with conditions (cannot be static)
4) System must have inherit limitations in efficiency. If too efficient, it will break down

Front 11

What are two problems of "equilibrium in ecology"

Back 11

1) No system is in constant and perfect equilibrium
2) Function of a system does not create stability (balance between competition and cooperation)

Front 12

What are the abiotic components of an ecosystem

Back 12

Elements: C,H,O,N,P,K
Solar energy

Front 13

What is a biome? What are the five components of a biome?

Back 13

Biome = combined relationship between abiotic and biotic elements
Main components: MALTA
1) Moisture
2) Altitude
3) Light
4) Temperature
5) Atmosphere

Front 14

What are the three classes of biotic elements?

Back 14

Producers- plants take abiotic elements and produce biotic elements
Consumers- obtain all energy from producers
Decomposers- feed of the dead organic material and convert biotic elements to abiotic (simple) organic material

Front 15

What is a trophic system? What are the different components of a trophic system?

Back 15

Trophic system- transfer of energy through an ecosystem

Autotrophic level- plants use solar energy to convert inorganic chemicals into organic chemicals. This is the first level of a trophic system. Competition for abiotic components determines the form of a plant

Hetertrophic level- get energy directly from biotic elements
1) Herbivores: These are primary consumers. Ex = colobinae
2) Carnivores: These are secondary consumers. Eat animals that eat plants. Ex = tarsiers
3) Decomposers

Front 16

What are some of the evolutionary adaptations that have been made by herbivores to aid in plant digestion?

Back 16

1) Many molars
2) Enlarged cecum
3) Multisached stomachs

Front 17

Self-controlling feedback system

Back 17

A system that is composed of groups of interrelated parts that function to produce an equilibrium.
Feedback loop mechanism = close loop system

Front 18

What are the four components of a feedback system

Back 18

1) Source of energy
2) Means of transferring energy into a usable form
3) System must have ability to vary with conditions (cannot be static)
4) System must have inherit limitations in efficiency. If too efficient, it will break down

Front 19

What are two problems of "equilibrium in ecology"

Back 19

1) No system is in constant and perfect equilibrium
2) Function of a system does not create stability (balance between competition and cooperation)

Front 20

What are the abiotic components of an ecosystem

Back 20

Elements: C,H,O,N,P,K
Solar energy

Front 21

What is a biome? What are the five components of a biome?

Back 21

Biome = combined relationship between abiotic and biotic elements
Main components: MALTA
1) Moisture
2) Altitude
3) Light
4) Temperature
5) Atmosphere

Front 22

What are the three classes of biotic elements?

Back 22

Producers- plants take abiotic elements and produce biotic elements
Consumers- obtain all energy from producers
Decomposers- feed of the dead organic material and convert biotic elements to abiotic (simple) organic material

Front 23

What is a trophic system? What are the different components of a trophic system?

Back 23

Trophic system- transfer of energy through an ecosystem

Autotrophic level- plants use solar energy to convert inorganic chemicals into organic chemicals. This is the first level of a trophic system. Competition for abiotic components determines the form of a plant

Hetertrophic level- get energy directly from biotic elements
1) Herbivores: These are primary consumers. Ex = colobinae
2) Carnivores: These are secondary consumers. Eat animals that eat plants. Ex = tarsiers
3) Decomposers

Front 24

What are some of the evolutionary adaptations that have been made by herbivores to aid in plant digestion?

Back 24

1) Many molars
2) Enlarged cecum
3) Multisached stomachs

Front 25

How many levels of consumers are possible? What is the level of scavengers? parasites?

Back 25

There are 13 possible levels (n+12)
Savengers: N + 1
Parasites: N + 2

Front 26

Eltonian Pyramid

Back 26

See notes

Front 27

How much energy is lost in transfer between consumer levels

Back 27

About 90% is lost. That is, only 10% is transferred to the next energy level

Front 28

What is the process of succession?

Back 28

An orderly change in the environment from one community to another until a stable equilibrium is attained at that area

Front 29

What is a climax community? What are characteristics of a climax community?

Back 29

Climax Community: a community where no other species is able to out-compete that of a native species. This is an example of a dynamic equilibrium

Characteristics
1) Germination rates = death rates
2) Plants share similar structural features

Front 30

What is a disclimax?

Back 30

Overuse of the environment which prevents a climax community from ever being reached

Front 31

What is the optimum environment for a seedling?

Back 31

The optimum environment is the environment that came before that environment developed

Front 32

What is primary succession? What happens during primary succession?

Back 32

Normalization of the environment by pioneer plants and abiotic elements. This creates near optimal conditions for vascular plants. Formation of soil occurs during this period

Front 33

Desert

Back 33

1) Less than ten inches of rain each year
2) More daily variation in temperature than seasonal variation
3) Most animals are small
4) Primates are rare because little water and difficult to regulate temperature. Some primates border deserts, including the patas monkey, baboons and lemurs.
5) No new world monkeys border deserts

Front 34

Grasslands

Back 34

1) Intermittent rain between 10-14 inches of rain annually
2) Plants- grasses and bamboo
3) Primates present: patas monkey, baboons, lemurs, maccax, gorillas

Front 35

Tropical Rain Forest

Back 35

1) Torrential rain
2) Plant growth is perennial (year round)
3) Have continuous canopy
Contain many species of primates- most prevalent here

Front 36

Deciduous forest

Back 36

1) More seasonal variation in temperature than daily variation in temperature
2) Mostly in temperate zones
3) Characterized by warm summers and cold winters
4) Rain is seasonal- varies between 30-40 inches per year
5) Includes Meccata Mocata, Langers and the Chinese golden monkey

Front 37

Taiga / Tundra

Back 37

Cold climate
No primates found here

Front 38

Neutralism

Back 38

(0,0). Neither population is affected by the presence of another

Front 39

Competition

Back 39

(-,-). Each population adversely affects the other in struggle for food, nutrients and space

Front 40

Mutualism

Back 40

(+,+). Growth and survival of both populations are benefited by presence of another. Neither could survive without the presence of another. Ex. gut flora

Front 41

Protocooperation

Back 41

(+,+). When both populations benefit from presence of each other, but relationship is not obligatory. Ex. Flowers and insects

Front 42

Commensalism

Back 42

(0,+) One population benefits and the other is not affected

Front 43

Amensalism

Back 43

(0,-) One population is inhibted and the other is not affected (ex. Penicillin)

Front 44

Parasitism (+,-)

Back 44

One population adversely affects the other by direct attack

Front 45

Predation (+,-)

Back 45

One population, the predator, kills and consumes the other population, the prey

Front 46

Liebrig's Law of the Minimum

Back 46

States that the material
(including chemical, water, heat, energy, space) that is most limited in supply will be the limiting factor for the population. I.e. An organism is no stronger than its weakest link in an ecological system.
this will affect the distribution of populations

Front 47

Carrying Capacity

Back 47

The maximum size of a population that an environment can hold

Front 48

Keystone species

Back 48

Species of food that the animal needs in order to maintain its current carrying capacity

Front 49

Joseph Bridsell

Back 49

Found that Aborigine population distribution is related to rainfall

Front 50

Shelford's Law of Tolerance

Back 50

States that too much of a material can be a limiting factor
Any condition that exceeds the limits of tolerance is a limiting factor

Front 51

Stenothernal

Back 51

When a species has small tolerance to temperature variations. Relates to Shelford's Law of Tolerance

Front 52

Eurythermal

Back 52

When a species has wide tolerance of temperature variations

Front 53

George Schaller

Back 53

Person who showed that predators often become extinct before prey species

Front 54

What are the three ways that prey species defend themselves?

Back 54

1) Try to exploit the limits of a predators motor or sensory capacity
• Can be dispersal
• Camouflage- can be active or passive
2) Exploitation of the predators learning ability
• Imitate other species that are toxic- constant coevolution
• Displays- many primates have large canines
3) Direct Protection
• Horns, scales, spines and canines
• Loris- vertebrae are sharp and butts predator
• 3:1 weight ratio between predator and prey- above this ratio, will not fight back

Front 55

Cooperative Polyandrous Group (Communal Breeding)

Back 55

Social group in which a group of multiple males and females interact with each other. However, only one female is reproductively active
Primates: Callitrichidae (tamarinds and marmosets)

Front 56

Multi-Male Group

Back 56

Groups consist of more than one adult male and more than one adult female and offspring.
Some variation in how many females there are
Most common type of nonhuman primate social group
Primates: Cebidae (capuchins, squirrel monkeys), savanna baboons, diurnal lemurs, Colobinae, gorillas

Front 57

Allochronic species

Back 57

Two groups of animals living in the same lineage, but during different time periods

Front 58

Cohesion concept of species

Back 58

Species are groups of animals that share a suite of genetic, phenotypic, demographic, ecological, and behavioral characteristics or cohesive mechanisms that help maintain the group as a cohesive unit

Front 59

Monotypic

Back 59

When there is only once component of a group (ex. only one species of Homo)

Front 60

What are the different components of taxonomy (ex. phylum, kingdom)

Back 60

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Front 61

Describe the taxanomic categorization of primates

Back 61

Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Subphylum- Vertebrae
Class- Mammals
Order: Primates

Front 62

Monophylitic taxonomy

Back 62

When a group of animals in the same higher taxon descended from a common ancestor

Front 63

Holophyletic taxonomy

Back 63

Strict form of Monophylitic taxonomy in which:
1) All members of a group must share a common ancestor
2) All descendents of the ancestor must be classified in the taxon

Front 64

Suffixes

1) Infraorder suffix
2) Superfamily suffix
3) Family suffix
4) Subfamily suffix

Back 64

1) "-iformes"
2) "-oidea"
3) "-idae"
4) "-inae"

Front 65

Describe Lemuriformes. Where are they found? When are they active? What familes are part of this suborder?

Back 65

Lemuriformes are found in costal regions of Madagascar. They are small animals that are active during the night (nocturnal) or day (diurnal). They are frequently referred to as “secondary nocturnal” because all ancestors are diurnal. There are five families of lemuriformes, including Cheirogaleidae, Lemuridae, Lepilemuridae, Indriidae, and Daubentoniidae.

Front 66

What are the five families of Lemuriformes?

Back 66

1)Cheirogaleidae
2)Lemuridae
3) Lepilemuridae
4) Indriidae
5) Daubentoniidae.

Front 67

Lemuridae

Back 67

A family of lemuriformes. Include monkey-looking lemurs that are mostly diurnal (some are cathemoral). They include Ringtail lemurs and red roughed brown lemurs.

Front 68

What are the four genus of lemuridae

Back 68

1) Eulemur
2) Hapalemur
3) Lemur catta
4) Varecia