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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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THE DEPARTMENT AND EDUCATION AND SCIENCE (1989) NATIONAL CURRICULUM DOCUMENT LISTS SIXTEEN AREAS. |
1. The variety of life 2. Process of life 3. Genetics and Evolution 4. Human influences on the earth 5. Types and uses of materials 6. Making new materials 7. Explaining How Materials behave 8. Earth and atmosphere 9. Forces 10. Electricity and magnetism 11. The scientific aspects of information technology including microelectronics 12. Energy 13. Sound and music 14. Using light and electromagnetic radiation 15. the earth in space 16. The nature of science.
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS |
Life Processes and living things Animals and plants are called living organisms. Although living things look different from each other, they all do the four life processes 1) Movement 2) Reproduction 3) Nutrition 4) Growth |
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MOVEMENT - EVEN JUST A BIT Animals usually move their whole bodies, moving from one place to another Leaves and flowers turn towards light. |
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REPRODUCTION - LIVING THINGS HAVE OFFSPRING Animals have babies. Plants have seeds which turn into new plants. |
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NUTRITION - TAKING IN FOOD Food is used to provide energy. Green plants make their own food using sunlight. Animals eat plants or other animals. |
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GROWTH - IT'S ALL GETTING BIGGER Seedlings grow into bigger plants. Babies grow into adults. |
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TEETH AND EATING Teeth help you to cut, tear and crush your food before you swallow it. Humans are omnivores (eat plants and animals) and their teeth are designed to eat most types of food. |
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HUMANS HAVE THREE TYPES OF TEETH MOLARS - Back teeth for crushing and grinding food. CANINES (FANGS) - In meat eating animals like cats and dogs they are long and sharp and are used for stabbing and gripping food. INCISORS - Front teeth are for snipping and cutting food.
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In our life we get two sets of teeth. Milk teeth are used from six months to about five years old then PERMANENT teeth replace them. |
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TEETH ARE DIFFERENT IN OTHER ANIMALS CARNIVORES (MEAT EATERS) have teeth suited to killing other animals and tearing flesh. Canines are long and pointed for holding and gripping flesh. Molars can crack and crush bones. HERBIVORES (PLANT EATERS) have teeth suited to eating plants. Incisors cut. Molars grind. |
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FOUR WAYS TO LOOK AFTER YOUR TEETH 1. Brushing twice a day helps remove plaque. Fluoride toothpaste strengthens teeth. 2. Flossing removes plaque and bits of food that bacteria feed on. Finally there's everyone's favourite a trip to the dentist 3. Eat sensible things like fruit and veg. Drinking milk is also good and some areas have fluoride in the water. |
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THE RIGHT FOOD IS IMPORTANT FOR A HEALTHY BODY. You need to eat a balanced diet. A balanced diet is a mixture of these seven food types. 1. Carbohydrates Starches - for energy - bread, pasta, cereals and rice. 2. Carbohydrates Sugars - for energy - Biscuits, cakes and sweets. 3. Proteins - For Cell growth and repair - Fish, Meat, Milk and Eggs. 4. Fats - For Energy - Milk, Cheese, Butter, Meat 5. Vitamins And Minerals - For Healthy Cells - Fruit, Veg, dairy products 6. Fibre - Helps food move through the gut - Wholegrain bread, cereals, fruit and veg. Water - 70% of the body is water - Drinks and some foods. |
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TAKING HEALTH RISKS CAN DAMAGE THE BODY SMOKING - heart attacks, lung cancer, breathing problems. ALCOHOL - slows down reactions, damage the liver, heart and stomach. SOLVENTS - Brain damage, mental problems. LACK OF EXERCISE - Weakens muscles, exercise can burn up fat. |
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KEEPING HEALTHY THE MAJOR ORGANS OF THE HUMAN BODY An organ is a part of the body that does a special job. organs are all made up of tiny cells. |
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THE MAJOR ORGANS OF THE HUMAN BODY EARS - for hearing and balance
BRAIN - Controls the whole body EYES - for seeing
HEART - for pumping blood around the body LUNGS - take in oxygen from the air into the blood, and get rid of carbon dioxide.
BLOOD VESSELS - carry food and oxygen to the cells in all organs and waste to the lungs and kidneys for removal
LIVER - KIDNEY- STOMACH - holds foods and starts to break the food down.
BLADDER -
SKELETON - for support and movement
MUSCLE - for movement |
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THE HEART PUMPS THE BLOOD AROUND THE BODY Circulatory system is our blood, our blood vessels and our heart. When the heart beats, blood is pumped out of two arteries. One carries blood to the body the other takes blood to the lungs. |
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THE HEART PUMPS THE BLOOD AROUND THE BODY BLOOD VESSELS ARTERIES - Carry blood away from the heart to the body cells. VEINS - Carry blood away from the cells back to the heart. CAPILLARIES - Allow food gases to move in and out of the blood. 1) One artery takes the blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen. 2) The other artery then takes the blood with oxygen and food to all the body cells. 3) The heart is inside the the rib cage, which protects it. 4) When you exercise, the heart beats more often and pumps more blood with each beat. |
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THE LUNGS ARE BIG AIR SACS 1) The lungs are like two spongy bags filled with millions of tiny air sacs. 2) It's the job of the lungs to give oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide. 3) This happens every time you breath in and out. 4) When you exercise you breathe deeply and more often. |
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MOVING AND GROWING JOINTS AND MUSCLES A) Muscles always work in pairs. B) To move a joint, one muscle gets shorter (contracts) and pulls the bone while the other muscle gets longer and relaxes C) To move the joint back to where it started, the relaxed muscle contracts. |
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THE SKELETON DOES THREE JOBS 1) Protects your body parts eg skull protects the brain. 2) Supports your body eg it lets you stand up straight 3) It lets you move eg muscles are joined to the bones. The bones have joints so the skeleton can bend. |
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LIFE CYCLES REPRODUCTION PRODUCE BABIES 1) Animals do not live for ever. More must be made to take the place of those that die. 2) Animals and humans are produced by reproduction. 3) Humans don't lay eggs but we all started of as an egg inside our mother. 4) When the egg is fertilised by a sperm from the father a tiny ball of cells called an embryo starts to develop. 5) The embryo grows inside the womb of the mother and becomes a baby. |
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LIFE CYCLE OF A HUMAN gestation period birth childhood puberty adolescence adulthood old age death |
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HELPING PLANTS GROW WELL BUILT TO DO FOUR LIFE PROCESSES 1) FLOWERS necessary for REPRODUCTION They have colour and smell to attract insects. They make pollen (male sex cells) which join to the eggs (female sex cells) part of the flower dies and what's left becomes the new fruit with seeds. 2) LEAVES necessary for NUTRITION (feeding) The green stuff in the leaves uses sunlight to change carbon dioxide gas and water into food this is called photosynthesis. 3) STEM necessary to HOLD and MOVE the plant towards the light. It carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. 4) ROOTS these ANCHOR THE PLANT to the ground so it does not blow away. They also soak in water and minerals from the soil. The roots are therefore necessarily for NUTRITION (feeding) |
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THE PLANT LIFE CYCLE HAS FOUR MAIN STAGES 1) GERMINATION . Germination is when the seed starts to grow.
. The seed cracks and tiny roots and shoots appear and grow into a new plant. 2) POLLINATION
. The flower contains the reproductive organs . The male sex cells ( the pollen) are produced in the stamen. . The female sex cells (the eggs) are produced in the carpel. . Pollination is the process of getting pollen from the stamen to the carpel. . Some plants are pollinated by insects and others are pollinated by the wind. 3) FERTILISATION AND SEED PRODUCTION . When the pollen grain joins with the egg it is called fertilisation. . The fertilised egg becomes a seed. . The flower dies and leaves behind a fruit with seeds. . These seeds will grow into new plants. 4) SEED DISPERSAL . The fruits and seeds are carried away from the parent plant to stop overcrowding. . Animals disperse the seeds when they eat the fruit. . The wind also carries the seeds away. |
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ADAPTATIONS Humans can live all over the world. We can do this because we are able to wear cloths and build houses suited for very different conditions, like Africa or the Arctic. Most plants and animals can only live in certain environments or surroundings. They can not change there cloths. |
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WHERE A PLANT OR ANIMAL LIVES IS CALLED ITS HABITAT. The habitat (where they live) provides the plant or animal with food and shelter. The habitat also lets living things produce offspring (make babies) in a safe environment, e.g. a hedge, field or tree. The environment needs to be protected because if the habitat changes then the animal might die out. |
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ANIMALS AND PLANTS ARE ADAPTED TO THEIR HABITAT To help them to survive in their habitat, living things have developed special features to suit the place they live. These help them to survive in their habitat. THE OTTER .Eyes and nostrils can close under water. .Webbed feet to help the otter move in water. . Long whiskers feel vibrations in water help it to find food. |
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SURVIVING HOT ENVIRONMENTS - THE DESSERT RAT The baking hot Sahara dessert can reach temperatures of up to 55.c (30.c is about the hottest it gets in the middle of summer in the UK) The dessert rat has many adaptations to let it live in the dessert |
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THE DESSERT RAT 1) Long Tail helps balance and large toes to stop it sinking in the sand. 2) Large Ears help to lose excess body heat. 3) Active at night when air temperature is cooler. 4) Good Hearing and Sight helps the desert rat to be active at night. 5) Thin fur helps to keep body heat in at night time. |
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SURVIVING COLD ENVIRONMENTS THE SEAL The north pole environment is well cold, it doesn't ever get warm. The seal is suited for the cold. 1) Streamlined body helps with swimming 2) Small ears stop heat loss 3) layers of fat keep the body warm 4) Webbed feet help movement through water 5) They have oily fur to keep them waterproof. |
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HABITATS There may be many different kinds of animals and plants living side by side in the same habitat. They all need food for energy and growth. Plants will get their food from the sunlight, the air and water, but animals have to eat other living things like plants or animals. |
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FOOD CHAINS - LIVING THINGS FEEDING ON LIVING THINGS Lettuce - slug - thrush (small bird) - Hawk - man |
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FOOD CHAINS USE WONDERFUL WORDS 1) Plants are the producers They produce (make) there own food 2) Animals are the consumers They get their food by consuming (eating) plants or other animals. Rose plant - greenfly - bluetit - hawk In the food chain the rose plant is the producer and the greenfly, blue tit and the hawk are consumers |
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THREE TOP TIPS FOR USING KEYS 1) Take one creature at a time 2) Start at question (1) and go through the questions for that creature only. 3) Follow the answers. They lead you to the next question, or will identify the creature. 1) Does it have fins? yes - it's a fish no - go to (2) 2) Does it have feathers? yes - it's a bird no - go to (3) 3) Does it have fur or hair yes - it's a mammal no - go to (4) 4) Does it have dry scaly skin yes - it's a reptile no - It's an Amphibian |
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MICRO - ORGANISMS MICRO - ORGANISMS ARE TINY LIVING THINGS 1) Micro - organisms or microbes can only be seen through a microscope. 2) There are millions of micro-organisms in the soil, air, water and even the human body. 3) Some micro-organisms are useful and some are dangerous. 4) Bacteria and viruses are micro - organisms |
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Helpful Micro-organisms do important jobs 1) Bacteria help make cheese and yogurt 2) Bacteria rot down dead organisms and put nutrients in the soil for plants to help them grow. 3) Yeast is a micro-organism it's used to make bread and beer. |
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Harmful micro-organisms can cause disease 1) They cause disease and illness 2) Micro-organisms cause tooth decay 3) Micro-organisms can cause food to go mouldy. |
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FOUR WAYS OF SPREADING DISEASE. 1) From coughs and sneezes 2) From touching infected people or objects 3) From Insect bites 4) From infected food |
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IN THE KITCHEN BE SENSIBLE WITH FOOD 1) Keep food covered 2) Store food in a fridge 3) Heat food properly when cooking 4) Store raw meat away from cooked meat 5) Preserve foods properly, take away water and air. |
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BE SENSIBLE WITH PERSONAL HYGIENE 1) Wash your hands after going to the toilet 2) Don't sneeze or cough over people. |
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AT THE DOCTORS - MEDICINES ARE USED TO FIGHT MICROBES. Medicines called vaccines and antibiotics are taken as pills or injected to fight micro-organisms that cause illness. |
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PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT Humans cause a lot of damage - killing animals and destroying habitats. Unless we want to live in a lifeless, horrible wasteland we need to protect our living things and the environment they live in. |
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WITHOUT PROTECTION LOTS OF LIVING THINGS WILL DIE OUT The most famous example of an animal being completely wiped out by man is the dodo, a flightless bird that died out about 300 years ago. North Atlantic Cod are disappearing fast So man cod have been caught in the sea around Scotland that the cod have to be protected now. |
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DESTROYING HABITATS KILLS LOADS OF THINGS AT ONCE In Britain we are slowly using up all our medowland for farming and building. Using the land destroys the habitat for loads of plants and insects. Without these plants and insects, mice and voles don't have enough food. without the mice and voles owls don't have enough food. |
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MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES COMPARING MATERIALS Materials have certain PROPERTIES which make them useful. You need to be able to describe and compare the properties of a material and say why it's used for the job. We use certain materials for certain jobs. |
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Some materials are STRONG (sturdy) Steel Bridge, plastic bottles Some materials are HARD (difficult to scratch) Diamond Cutter and a metal hammer head |
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Some materials are FLEXIBLE (bendy) Fishing Rod, Leather Belt, Or RIGID (stiff) Ladder, metal scaffolding Some Materials are TRANSPARENT (see-through) Glass Some materials are OPAQUE (not see-through) Fabric |
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Some Materials can STRETCH Elastic, Stretchy fabric or also COMPRESSED (squashed) Metal Spring |
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CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS OF HEAT Some materials let heat pass through them easily 1) These materials call themselves THERMAL CONDUCTORS 2) Metals are good THERMAL CONDUCTORS 3) Because heat passes through them quickly metals normally feel cold. |
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Some Materials Do Not let Heat pass through them 1) Materials that do not let heat pass through them are called THERMAL INSULATORS Plastic kettle, cork pot stand, wooden handle, oven glove, thermal vest. 2) Plastic, cork, wood and fabrics are all good THERMAL INSULATORS 3) Thermal insulators are good for keeping heat out as well as in. |
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HEAT travels from a WARMER material to a COLDER one. Remember that heat only moves from hot things to colder things, never the other way around. Some things let heat travel through them easily and others don't. |
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CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS OF ELECTRICITY Conductors let Electricity flow through them 1) Materials that can carry electricity are called conductors - they conduct electricity. 2) Metals like copper, iron, steel and aluminium are all good conductors. |
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Insulators do not let Electricity flow through them. 1) Materials that can not carry electricity are called insulators - they don't conduct electricity. 2) Wood, plastic, glass and rubber are all insulators. |
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Insulators and conductors both have important uses Wire - Plastic covering - electricity can't flow through the plastic covering, so you will not get a shock when handling it. Copper wire - allows electricity to flow through PLUG - Metal pins conduct electricity insulated flex and plastic so safe to hold. |
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Electricity can be dangerous You shouldn't touch anything electrical with wet hands - and that includes switches. Electricity can be conducted through sweat (salty water) to your body, giving you aan electric shock. |
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ROCKS AND SOILS Not all rocks are the same 1)Some rocks are harder Flint spearhead, granite blocks, marble pillars 2) Some rocks are softer chalk, marble, slate 3) Some rocks are IMPERMEABLE (They Do Not allow water to soak through) 4) Some rocks are PERMEABLE (They allow water to soak through) Chalk and Limestone |
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Soil is made from four things Worn Down Rock - Humus - Air - water Humus is dead and rotting material |
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Soils are different because not all rocks are the same It depends what kind of worn down rock it comes from GRAVELLY SOIL Full of small stones so water drains through quickly. SANDY SOIL Light and dry with air gaps so water drains through quickly CLAY SOIL Very sticky when wet; a heavy soil. Water does not drain through quickly. |
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PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES Anything you can think of is either a solid, a liquid or a gas - or a mixture of these SOLIDS are easy to control 1) Solids can be cut or shaped 2) The SHAPE and VOLUME of a solid don't change unless you break a bit off. 3) Anything you can take hold of is a solid. |
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LIQUIDS are more difficult to control they keep wanting to runaway 1) Liquids are runny. They flow downwards 2) The surfaces of a liquid in a container stays level 3) The VOLUME of a liquid doesn't change 4) The SHAPE of a liquid can change depending on the shape of the container it is in. |
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GASES are very hard to control. They keep wanting to escape. 1) Gases are all around us. Most gases are invisible 2) Air is made of a mixture of different gases 3) A gas in a container completely fills the container. It has the SAME SHAPE and the SAME VOLUME as the container 4) You can even make your own gas 5) A gas that's not in a container spreads out further and further the VOLUME keeps increasing. |
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TEMPERATURE AND WATER TEMPERATURE - How Hot and Cold 1) Temperature tells you how hot or cold things 2) You measure temperature with a thermometer 3) You measure temperature in degrees celsius Water Boils at 100 degrees and freezes at 0 degrees |
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REVERSIBLE CHANGES Some changes are REVERSIBLE In a reversible change a material turns into something that looks and feels different, but it isn't changed forever. The material can be changed back so it looks and feels the same as it did before. These are reversible changes 1) Water turns into snow or ice when it gets very cold. When it warms up it turns back into water. 2) Chocolate goes soft and gooey if you heat it. When it cools down it goes hard again. The materials change back to how they were before. |
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FREEZING AND MELTING ARE REVERSIBLE CHANGES Heating a solid can make it change into a liquid. When this happens it's called MELTING. Cooling a liquid can turn water into a solid this is called FREEZING. Candle wax can melt and turn solid over and over again - because melting is a reversible change. |
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Dissolving is a reversible change Some solids dissolve in liquid when you mix them together. It's a reversible change, because you can get the solid back. 1) Salt gets mixed up with water in a jar 2) After stirring for a bit you can't see the salt anymore. You can REVERSE the change and get the salt back. |
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GETTING SALT BACK 1) Heating the water gently will make it evaporate that means it'll all dry out into the air. Leaving the jar on a warm radiator for a week or so should turn into salt again. 2) When all the waters dried out there are salt crystals left at the bottom of the jar. The change has been reversed. There are two more types of reversible change - EVAPORATION and CONDENSATION. |
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THE WATER CYCLE The water cycle is Evaporation and Condensation of water 1) The water here on the planet earth is constantly recycling. 2) When the temperature gets really low rain drops can fall as snow or hail instead of rain. Clouds are water vapour - tiny droplets of water hanging around in the air. |
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Evaporation - Turning to a gas 1) The sun can heat water. The water goes into the air - it doesn't disappear. The water Evaporates into a gas. 2) The water from wet clothes evaporates into the air. A liquid evaporates into a gas when it is warmed |
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Condensation - turning from a gas back to a liquid 1) Water vapour in the air cools and turns into water droplets. 2) The water vapour condenses A gas condenses into a liquid when it is cooled. |
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DISSOLVING Soluble - Will dissolve 1) Salt dissolves completely in water to make a solution. 2) Salt is soluble in water. 3) Other soluble substances (materials) include sugar and instant coffee. |
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Insoluble - will not dissolve 1) Soil will not dissolve in water. Some soil will remain at the bottom undissolved. 2) The rest of the soil particles will float around in the water, but they won't dissolve - it's insoluble in water. 3) Other examples include wood, chalk, clay, sand, wax and oil. |
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There's a Limit to how much can dissolve. When you add salt to water there comes a point when you can't dissolve anymore. |
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SEPARATING SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS Sieving - sorting out the big bits from the small bits Sieves can remove lumps from flour - Sifting stones from soil |
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Filtering - separating solid bits from a liquid A colander can separate peas from boiling point - A tea strainer keeps the tea leaves out of the cup of tea filter beds are used to clean water. he dirty water is passed through a filter bed before it goes back to the river. Filter paper can be used to separate very fine solids that are mixed with liquid like water. The solids are not dissolved in the water and can't pass through he paper. |
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Evaporation - separating soluble solids from water. With tea, the tea leaves can't pass through the holes in the tea bag, but the brown flavouring is dissolved in the water so it can. This is good for drinking the tea, but it's a problem if you want to separate the flavouring from the water. |
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Separating a mixture of salt, sand, and water The mixture is a soluble solid (salt) an insoluble solid (sand) and water. 1) FILTER - Filter the mixture of salt, sand and water to remove the sand. The salty water then comes through the filter into a beaker. 2) EVAPORATE - The salt and water mixture is warmed to evaporate off the water. 3) CONDENSE - The water vapour must be cooled to turn it back into a liquid. |
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IRREVERSIBLE CHANGES An irreversible change lasts forever In an irreversible change, a material turns into a completely new and different material. The new material can't be changed back into what it was before. These changes are all irreversible 1) Wood and paper burn to ash.
2) Flour, water and yeast are baked to make bread. 3) Dead plants and animals decay to humus 4) Clay is baked into pot. You can't change the materials back to how they were before. |
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Irreversible changes are incredibly useful Irreversible changes are very useful. Bread would be pretty disgusting if it could turn back into flour and water. Mugs would be completely useless if they turned back into clay when they got wet. |
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Some things cook when you heat them and change completely eggs + flour + butter + sugar - heated in the oven = Cake. Cooking is a permanent change. It's irreversible. You can't get the ingredients back again once you've cooked them. |
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Some things burn when you heat them When materials are burned they change completely. You can't reverse changes made by burning. coal + heat = ash this is not a waste we get heat energy from these fuels and we get light.
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Burning Fuel - an important irreversible change 1) Wood, Coal and gas burn to produce heat energy. 2) This can be converted (changed) into electricity. 3) They can produce light as well which is jolly. 4) Fuels can burn to drive machines like cars. 5) Our bodies burn (use up) food slowly to give us energy. |
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PHYSICAL PROCESSES 1) Only metals are attracted to magnets magnets have a north pole and a south pole. 2) Some magnets are stronger than others Bar Magnet - Strong Horse Magnet - Weak The bar magnet holds more paperclips than the horseshoe - so it is stronger |
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Not All metals are attracted to magnet Iron and steel = yes Aluminium, Brass and COPPER = No 4) Magnets put a force on other magnets or magnetic materials 1) A north pole and a south pole will attract each other. 2) Two north poles will repel each other 3) Two south poles will repel each other. |
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THE FORCE OF FRICTION AND AIR RESISTANCE Friction occurs when two surfaces touch each other 1) Rougher surfaces slow things down a lot Roads are rough to help you slow down quickly. 2) Smooth surfaces don't slow you down as much 3) Friction gives us grip 4) Friction produces heat |
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Air resistance slows down moving objects 1) Air slows you down as you move through it - just like trying to wade through deep water. 2) To travel faster through air things need to be streamlined 3) To travel slower through air you need a large surface area (like a parachute). |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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GRAVITY AND OPPOSITE FORCES Gravity pulls subjects down towards the centre of the earth. 1) Gravity pulls you down whether you're in the air, in water, or standing on the ground. 2) Where ever you are on the earth, things are pulled down towards the centre of the earth. 3) The size of the gravitational force is pretty much the same all over the earth. You would have to be a very, very long way from the earth before you no longer felt the effect of its gravitational pull. |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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When you push or pull there and opposite force 1) When you push or pull something, you can feel an Opposite force pushing or pulling the other way. 2) If a man pulls on a spring the spring will pull back. 3) If you push against a wall the wall will push back. |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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SOURCES OF LIGHT Light Sources - Give out light Light sources include 1) The Sun 2) Stars 3) Candle flame 4) Electric Light |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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Some objects seem bright, but they are only reflecting light from elsewhere. These are NOT light sources. These things include the Moon, planets, mirrors and shiny objects |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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Light has three important properties 1) Light travels in straight lines from a light source to your eyes. 2) If something is in the way you get a shadow. 3) Light travels very fast, about one million times faster than sound travelling in the air. |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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SHADOWS Light can pass through some materials (such as glass and air), but it can't pass through others (such as wood, metal, stone, next doors cat and you). |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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When light from a source is blocked - you get a shadow 1) There's a shadow here because the wall blocks the sun light 2) The more directly overhead the light source (the sun) is, the shorter the shadow. 3) The closer the light source to the object the larger the shadow. |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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MIRRORS 1) Mirrors reflect light back at the same angle If you put a mirror in the right place, you can even see around corners. 2) Periscopes use a pair of mirrors to help see around objects. You can see that when a light hits a mirror it bounces back off, and you get a reflection. If you use a mirror, you can see behind you or even around a corner. Follow the light rays inn the diagrams if you're not sure. Also don't forget the important rule - a light ray hitting a mirror is reflected back at the same angle. |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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HOW WE SEE We see things when light from a source enters our eyes. 1) Light may come directly from the source to your eyes - like when you look at a candle. 2) Light also bounces off objects into your eyes - Like when you look at a cake. |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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Light bounces of some materials better than others 1) Mirrors and shiny objects reflect light well. Light bounces off the surface and into your eyes 2) Dull, dark and black objects don't reflect light well. Light can't bounce off the surface. |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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MAKING SOUND 1) Sound happens when something vibrates it can be obvious what is vibrating and making the noise. Or it may not. 2) Sounds are transmitted through Air or Another material. 1) Vibrating objects make the air or material next to it vibrate aswell. So the vibrations kind of travel (are transmitted) through the air. 2) Sound can travel through all kinds of materials, like stone, brick, water and glass 3) Sound cannot travel through a vacuum because there is nothing to transmit the vibrations. |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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We hear sounds when the vibrating air hits our ear drums 1) The vibrating air hits our ear drums and makes them vibrate. 2) The vibration is picked up by our brains object vibrates - Air Vibrates - Ear Drum Vibrates. |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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CHANGING SOUND The more Energy in the vibration - the louder the sound That just means the harder you hit something the louder the noise. But don't tease this rule on your little brother- it will work, but mum won't like it. |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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The pitch is how high or low a note is 1) The shorter the vibrating object, the higher the pitch of the note. 2) The larger the vibrating object, the lower the pitch of the note. (it's deeper) |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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The tighter the string, the higher the pitch of the note |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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CHANGING CIRCUITS 1) Switches control the flow of electricity in a circuit. . Making a gap stops the flow of electricity . Closing the gap allows electricity to flow by completing the circuit |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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2) Switches - Control part of a circuit and save money |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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CHANGING CIRCUITS 3) Altering simple circuits starting with a simple circuit ( a battery, switch, bulb and a wire) you can alter the number of batteries and the number of bulbs (but only alter one thing at a time) Add more batteries (in a line) the bulb will be brighter IN A LINE is known as IN SERIES |
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KEYSTAGE 2 SCIENCE THE IMPORTANT BITS
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Add more bulbs (in a line) the bulbs will get dimmer The bulbs will be dimmer (less bright) than a single bulb would be in the same circuit. |
