Prevet Anatomy

Front 1

_____ consists of sheets of aggregated cells of similar type that cover or line the external and internal surfaces of the body ?

Back 1

epithelium

Front 2

what are the 4 functions of epithelium?

Back 2

protection, absorption, secretion, and diffusion

Front 3

classification of epithelium is based on ____ and ____.

Back 3

number of layers present
shape of the cells

Front 4

____ epithelium has a single layer of cells restin on the basement membrane.

Back 4

simple

Front 5

____ epithelium has two or more layers of cells with only the basal cell layer resting on the basement membrane.

Back 5

stratisfied

Front 6

____ ____ epithelium is a single layer of flat, thin, and scale like cells. A has a nucleus that is either ___ or ____ shaped to give its slightly elevated appearance

Back 6

simple squamous epithelium
sperical or oval shaped nucleus

Front 7

what are the five things that simple squamous epithelium line?

Back 7

blood vessels
pleural and peritoneal cavities
pulmonary alveoli
glomerular capsule

Front 8

____ ____ epithelim is a single layer of cuboidal cells with centrally placed nucleus

Back 8

simple cubiodal epithelium

Front 9

what are two places that simple cuboidal epithelium line?

Back 9

thyroid gland and collecting ducts of the kidney

Front 10

____ ____ epithelium consists of tall, narrow cells. The nucleus is oval and located near the base of the cell.

Back 10

simple columnar epithelium

Front 11

what are the three four places that simple columnar epithelium line?

Back 11

stomach
intestine
gall bladder

Front 12

what are the four types of basic tissues?

Back 12

epithelium
connective tissue
muscular tissue
nervous tissue

Front 13

_____ _____ epithelium is composed of a single layer of cells, but because of the different cell shape and nuclei location at various layers, give an impression of stratisfied epithelium.

Back 13

pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium

Front 14

where would psedostratisfied epithelium occur in the body?

Back 14

trachea and bronchi (cilated form)

Front 15

____ _____ epithelium has several layers of the cellsl with most superficial cells having a squamous shape.

Back 15

stratisfied squamous epithelium

Front 16

where would stratisfied squamous epithelium occur in the body?

Back 16

skin (keratinized)
cornea (non-keratinized)

Front 17

where would you fine stratisfied cubiodal epithelium?

Back 17

lining of the excretory ducts of glands

Front 18

where would you find columnar epithelium?

Back 18

in the parotid and mandibular gland ducts

Front 19

_____ epithelium lines hollow organs and is capable of considerable distention. when relaxed, superficial cells are dome-shpaed and bulge into the lumen. When stretched, the superficial cells are reduced to a few layers of flattened cells

Back 19

transitional epithelium

Front 20

where would you find transistional epithelium?

Back 20

urinary bladder

Front 21

what two things does a gland consist of ?

Back 21

parenchyma and stroma

Front 22

____ is a glandular or secretory epithelium and duct system

Back 22

parenchyma

Front 23

____ is a supportive framework of CT

Back 23

stroma

Front 24

endocrine gland

Back 24

ductless gland, secretions are released into intercelluar fluid and transported to the site of action by blood

Front 25

exocrine gland

Back 25

has ducts, can be simple or compound gland

Front 26

____ glands produce a thin, watery secretion. These cells have ____ nuclei in the center and their apical cytoplasm is filled with small ____ granules (zymogen granules)

Back 26

serous glands
spherical nuclei
secretory granules

Front 27

where would you find serous glands?

Back 27

parotid salivary gland

Front 28

____ glands produce a thick, viscous (mucin) secretion to form a ____ covering. The cells stain lightly with ___ and ___ because of mucin. The nuclei are ____ and displaced towards the basal part of the cell.

Back 28

mucous glands
protective covering
heterochromatin and euchromatin
flatten

Front 29

_____ have both serous and mucus acini. Generally, the serous cells are located over the mucus ____ as serous ____.

Back 29

seromucus
mucus acini
serous demilunes

Front 30

where would you find seromucus glands?

Back 30

mandibular salivary gland

Front 31

_____ have secretory granules enclosed in a membrane, discharged by exocytosis.

Back 31

merocrine

Front 32

____ are membrane-bounded granule, together with a rim of cytoplasm and plasmalemma, is released from the apex of the cell.

Back 32

apocrine

Front 33

where would you find apocrine glands?

Back 33

sweat amd mammary glands

Front 34

_____ is the entire cell released as the secretory product

Back 34

holocrine

Front 35

what is an example of holocrine?

Back 35

sebaceous gland

Front 36

____ is the secretory material from one cell is transferred from one cell to the cytoplasm of another cell.

Back 36

Cytocrine

Front 37

what is an example of cytocrine?

Back 37

transfer of melanin pigment from the melanocytes into keratinocytes

Front 38

_____ cells are interspersed between the secretory cells and basement membrane. When contracted, these cells force the secretory product into the duct system.

Back 38

Myoepithlial cells

Front 39

_____ ____ connect other tissue and provides a framework to support the entire body by cartilage and bones.

Back 39

connective tissue

Front 40

what are the 9 connective tissue cells?

Back 40

mesenchymal cells
fibroblasts fibrocytes
reticular cells
adipocytes
pericytes
plasma cells
macrophages
pigment cells

Front 41

what are the three fibers of connective tissue?

Back 41

collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers

Front 42

what are the 3 components of the amorphous ground substance?

Back 42

proteoglycans
glycosaminoglycans
interstitial fluid

Front 43

____ fibers are present in tendon, ligament, and organ capsules.

Back 43

collagen

Front 44

collagen fibers are most abundant in _____ CT and are composed of the fibrous protein ______. Collagen is strong and flexible but _____. Collagen has a ____ arrangement.

Back 44

mature CT
collagen protein
inelastic
wavy arrangement

Front 45

reticular fibers form_____, _____ networks around capillaries, _____, and ____. These fibers form the _____ of liver, endrocrine, and lymphatic organs.

Back 45

delicate, flexible network
muscle fibers and nerves.
framework

Front 46

elastic fibers are present in stuctures that require_____.

Back 46

elasticity

Front 47

what structures in the body require elasticity from elastic fibers?

Back 47

aorta and muscular arteries,
nuchal ligament, pinna of ear, and lungs

Front 48

cells and fibers of CT are embedded in an amorphous ground substance composed of ______ and ____.

Back 48

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans.

Front 49

what are the three main types of CT

Back 49

embryonic
adult CT
special CT

Front 50

what are the two types of embryonic CT?

Back 50

1. mesenchymal CT
2. Mucous or Gelatinous CT

Front 51

what are the 5 types of adult CT?

Back 51

1. loose or areolar CT
2. Dense CT
3. Elastic CT
4. Reticular CT
5. Adipose CT

Front 52

what are the 2 types of special CT?

Back 52

1. Cartilage
2. Bone

Front 53

______ CT gives rise to various adult types of adult CT

Back 53

mesenchymal

Front 54

____ or ____CT is characterized by stellate (star shaped) fibroblast and viscous, gel like amorphous ground substance with collagen fibers. Surrounds umbilical cord

Back 54

mucous or gelatinous CT

Front 55

____ or ____ CT is found beneath the epithelium (lamina propria, hypodermis)

Back 55

loose or areolar CT

Front 56

where is Areloar CT found?

Back 56

around blood vessels and nerves and in serous membranes (produce serous fluid, found in saliva)

Front 57

In areolar CT ____ substance predominates.

Back 57

ground substance

Front 58

in areolar CT many scattered cells of ______ types.

Back 58

various types

Front 59

in areolar CT, loose network of fine _____, ____ and ____ fibers.

Back 59

collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers

Front 60

_____CT is mainly composed of ____ ____ fibers and few ____ cells.

Back 60

Dense CT
thick collagenous fibers
few fibroblast cells

Front 61

dense irregular CT is in capsules of the ____, and ____ layer of the dermis.

Back 61

organs
deep layer

Front 62

dense regular CT is found in ___, ___, and____?

Back 62

tendons
ligaments
aponerosis

Front 63

elastic tissue is characterized by numerous ___ and ____ arranged elastic fibers.

Back 63

regullary
irregularly

Front 64

reticular tissue is composed of numerous ___ cells and a network of ____ fibers

Back 64

reticular cells
reticular fibers

Front 65

where would you find reticular tissue?

Back 65

spleen, lymph node, and liver

Front 66

adipose tissue consists of _____ within the loose CT of mesenteries (membrane that attaches organ to body wall), around ____ and ____. Two types of adipose tissue are ___ and ____.

Back 66

adipocytes
blood vessels and nerves
brown and white adipose tissue

Front 67

cartilage consists of cartilage cells (___ and ____) and ____. It lacks ____ ___.

Back 67

chondroblasts and chondrocyes and matix.
blood vessels

Front 68

cartilage matrix is composed of fibers and ground substance containing ____ and ____ and the adhesive molecules ____ and ____.

Back 68

proteoglycans and GAGs
chondronectin and fibronectin

Front 69

what are the 3 things that make up GAGs

Back 69

chondroitin sulphate, keratin sulphate, and hyluronic acid

Front 70

what are the 3 types of cartilage?

Back 70

hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage

Front 71

in hyaline cartilage, chondrocytes occur singly in a ___ or in clusters called ____ groups.

Back 71

lacuane
isogenous groups

Front 72

in hyalaline cartilage, the ground substance is firm gel-laced with type __ collagen fibers, which have the same refractive index as ground substance.

Back 72

2

Front 73

hyaline cartilage is surrounded by ____ with is composed of an outer fibrous layer (collagen fibers and fibroblast) and an inner chondrogenic layer (chondroblast)

Back 73

perichondrium

Front 74

where would you find hyaline cartilage in the body?

Back 74

articular sufaces of the bones, nose and trachea

Front 75

elastic cartilage is similar to hylaline cartilage except the large amount of ____ fibers are embedded in _____ substance.

Back 75

elastic fibers
ground substance

Front 76

elastic cartilage lacks a distinct ___ although surrounded by____ fibers.

Back 76

perichondrium
collagen

Front 77

where would you find fibrocartiage in the body?

Back 77

intervertebral disks and menisci

Front 78

____ is a specialized CT composed of : intercellular calcified material _____ matrix and three cell types ___, ___, and____.

Back 78

bone
bone matrix
osteoblasts
osteocytes and osteoclasts

Front 79

osteoblasts varies in ___ to ___ in shape and are located on the surface of bone. The nucleus is located in the ____ region of intesely ____ cytoplasm. It secretes _____ (organic matter of bone matrix) which is subsequently calcified by the deposition of calcium salts.

Back 79

columnar to squamous in shape
basal region
basophilic cytoplasm
osteoid

Front 80

osteoclasts are derived from ____, lies in ____. Surrounded by calcified interstitial ___. Their numerous long processes extend into the ____ within the matrix and make contact with adjacent osteocytes.Also have many nuclei

Back 80

osteoblasts
lacunae
matrix
canaliculi

Front 81

osteoclast is a large ____ cell located in the area of bone ____ or ____. The activated osteoclast has a ____ border created by extensive ____ of the cell membrane. It secretes ___ and ___ enzymes for bone resorption.

Back 81

mutinucleated
resorption and remodeling
ruffled border
infolding
acid and lysosomal enzymes

Front 82

bone matrix is the organic matter that contains sulphated ___, ___, and ___ collagen fibers, coursing in a ___ direction. In the inorganic matter, ____ and ___ are abundant, but bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, and sodium are also found. The ___ and ___ form hydroxyapatie crystals deposited as slender needles within the collagen network.

Back 82

GAGs, glycoprotein, and type 1
spiral
calcium and phosphous
calcium and phosphorous

Front 83

periosteum consists of ___ and ___ layers. It is absent on the articulating surfacesand its sites where ___ and ___ inserts on the bone.

Back 83

fibrous and osteogenic layers
tendons and ligaments

Front 84

the collagen fibers from the fibrous layer of the periosteum, ___, and ___ are embedded in the bone matrix as perforating ____ fibers.

Back 84

tendons and ligaments
sharpeys fibers

Front 85

endosteum lines the marrow cavity with a single layer of ___, ___ and ___

Back 85

squamous cells, osteoblast, and osteoclasts

Front 86

compact bone forms the outer surface of the ___ and ___. Whereas, the spongy bone occurs in the interior of the _____.

Back 86

diaphysis and epiphysis
epiphysis

Front 87

spongy bone, aka cancellous consists of delicate ___ plates and ___, which run in various directions.

Back 87

bony plates and spicules

Front 88

Compact bone consists 5 things.

Back 88

osteons
haversian systems
outer and inner circumferential lamellae
interstitial lamellae

Front 89

each osteon consists of a _____ ___ surrounded by ____ ____.

Back 89

central canal
concentric lanellae

Front 90

the central canal of compact bone contains ____ ____, ___, and _____ CT, while the concentric lamellae are ____ fibers arranged concentrically around the central canal.

Back 90

blood vessels, nerves, and loose CT
collagen fibers

Front 91

each osteon is surrounded by ____ surface that consists of ____ matrix with a few ____ fibers.

Back 91

cementing substance
mineralized matrix
few collagen fibers

Front 92

the central canals are connected by ____ canals.

Back 92

perforating canals

Front 93

intramembranous ossification

Back 93

ossification of skull bones, not base of skull however

Front 94

intracartilagenous ossification

Back 94

ossification of appendicular skeleton, vertebral column and bones of the base of the skull

Front 95

muscle tissue has property of ___ and produces ____ movement on contraction.

Back 95

contractibility
organized movement

Front 96

specialized cells of muscle
myocytes
cytoplasm

Back 96

myocytes (muscle fibers or myofibrils)
cytoplasm (sacroplasm)

Front 97

the sacroplasm is ____ becaue of numerous myofilaments

Back 97

eosiophillic

Front 98

skeletal muscle is ___ and ___

Back 98

striated and voluntary

Front 99

where do you find skeletal muscle?

Back 99

muscle that is attached to the skeleton

Front 100

cardiac muscle is ___ and ____.

Back 100

striated and involuntary

Front 101

smooth muscle is ___ and ___.

Back 101

non-striated and involuntary

Front 102

where would you find smooth muscle?

Back 102

walls of most viscera

Front 103

smooth muscle ____ fibers are elongated cells that range from 10-110 um in diameter and 50 cm in length.

Back 103

myocytes

Front 104

myocytes are derived from the prenatal fusion of many _____ _____

Back 104

mononuclear myoblasts

Front 105

myocytes have ___ ___ nuclei located peripherally.

Back 105

multiple oval

Front 106

each muscle cell contains myofibrils aligned in ____ direction.

Back 106

longitudinal

Front 107

myofibrils are composed of ___ and ___ filaments.

Back 107

thick and thin

Front 108

thick and thin filaments overlap in the darker ____ whereas, only thin myofilaments are present in the ____.

Back 108

A band (anisotrophic)
I bank (isotrophic)

Front 109

the I band is bissected by the ___

Back 109

z line

Front 110

the A band shows a lighter zone in the center, the ____ which is bisected by the ____

Back 110

H band
M line

Front 111

the smallest unit of the contractile apparatus is the ____ which is between two adjacent Z lines.

Back 111

sacromere

Front 112

the sacroplasm contains ___, ___, ___, and ____. It is covered by the _____

Back 112

smooth ER (sacroplasmic reticulum)
glycogen, mitochondria, and myoglobin.
sacrolemma (cell membrane)

Front 113

each muscle fiber is surrounded by a ____ ___ and ____ fibers, the ____.

Back 113

basal lamina and reticular fibers teh endomysium

Front 114

each bundle of muscle fibers (fasicles) is surrounded by dense irregular CT termed ____.

Back 114

perimysium

Front 115

the muscle at the gross anatomical level is surrounded by dense irregular CT the ____. .

Back 115

epimysium

Front 116

____ cells are spindle shaped with heterchromatic nuclei, located adjacent to ____. these cells represent inactive myoblasts that can be activated upon injury to initate some regeneration of muscle fibers.

Back 116

satellite
myocytes

Front 117

cardiac muscle myocytes (fibers) branch and anastomose. the ___ nucleus is located in the ___ of the cell and the sacroplasm is ____.

Back 117

single nucleus
center
acidophillic

Front 118

the ____ disc of cardiac cells is present at the junction of the adjacent cells. These discs link the adjacent cell ___ and ___ creating ____

Back 118

intercalated disc
mechanically and electrically
syncitium

Front 119

smooth muscle cells are ___, ___ shaped with a ____ centrally located nucleus and ____ cytoplasm.

Back 119

elonagated, spindle shaped
sinnle
acidophillic

Front 120

___ muscle regulates teh animals ability to respond appropriately to changes in its envrionment.

Back 120

smooth