Prevet Anatomy

Front 1

appendicular skeleton

Back 1

bones of limbs

Front 2

axial skeleton

Back 2

bones of the skull, vertebral colomn, ribs and sternum

Front 3

splanchnic/ visceral skeleton

Back 3

bones present in visceral organs

Front 4

long bones

Back 4

long, hollow, cylinderical , weight bearing.
eg. Femur, Humerus

Front 5

short bones

Back 5

short, partially smooth surfaces, mainly found in joints, help in mobility, mainly spongy substances and thin layer of cortical bone
eg carpal bones

Front 6

flat bones

Back 6

flat, irregular bony plates, enclosed cavities, have two plates fo compact and in-between spongy bone
eg. scapule, skull

Front 7

irregular bones

Back 7

small, rough, irregular surface mainly in midline of skeleton, have projections for muscular attachment
eg vertebrae

Front 8

pneumatic bones

Back 8

long bones of birds having air cavites and in the skull
eg humerus

Front 9

sesamoid bones

Back 9

small, develop within tendon to help reduce friction
eg patella

Front 10

visceral bones

Back 10

found in visceral organs
eg. os penis in dog

Front 11

what is the composition of bone

Back 11

inorganic mineral salts and organic matter in 1:2 ratio.
Organic matter is membranes, cells, cartilage, vessels, nerves, fluid, and marrow

Front 12

in general, bones have an external shell of dense ____ ___

Back 12

compact substance

Front 13

compact substance encloses more loosley arranged _____ _____

Back 13

spongy substance

Front 14

long bones have a _____ ____ in their shaft

Back 14

medually cavity

Front 15

thickness of compact substance varies with the ____ and ____ beared by the bone

Back 15

stress and strain

Front 16

spaces between the bony plates are called _____ spaces

Back 16

marrow

Front 17

some bones have air spaces instead of spongy substances are called ______ bones

Back 17

pneumatic

Front 18

what are the 3 layers of the flat bones of the skull comprised of?

Back 18

lamina externa
lamina interna
diapole

Front 19

lamina externa

Back 19

an outer layer of ordinary compact bone

Front 20

lamina interna

Back 20

inner layer of very dense bone

Front 21

diapole

Back 21

spongy layer in between lamina externa and lamina interna

Front 22

intramembranous ossification

Back 22

bones of cranial cavity and face ossify by this process

Front 23

intracartilagenous ossification

Back 23

most bones ossify by this process

Front 24

how do flat bones of the skull increase in size?

Back 24

by continued ossification at margins of connective tissue

Front 25

how does cartilagenous and membranous bone increase in thickness?

Back 25

by further deposition of matrix at their outer surfaces

Front 26

in long bones _____ cartilage does not ossify throughout life

Back 26

articular

Front 27

in growth phase epiphyseal cartilage remain between ____ and _____

Back 27

epiphysis and diaphysis

Front 28

epiphyseal cartilage is replaced by ___ after growth is complete

Back 28

bone

Front 29

width of bone increase by growth at _____ membrane

Back 29

subperiosteal

Front 30

what vitamins and hormones affect the growth of bone?

Back 30

calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, vitamin C, alkaline phosphate, parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, thyroid hormone and vitamin A

Front 31

____ is the most rigid form of CT

Back 31

bone

Front 32

bone consists of ____ and _____

Back 32

matrix and cells

Front 33

what are the functions of bones

Back 33

support
levers for movement
protection of soft parts of the body
mineral homeostasis- reserve for calcium

Front 34

what are the 3 sections of long bones from outside to middle

Back 34

epiphyses, metaphyses, diaphyses

Front 35

what section of the bone is responsible for lengthing ?

Back 35

epiphyseal plate

Front 36

blood supply is said to have a generous ___to___% of cardiac output

Back 36

5 and 10 %

Front 37

characteristics of the nutrient artery

Back 37

largest source of blood
middle of diaphysis
runs through nutrient foramen
usually directed toward one extremity

Front 38

what are the 3 important arteries in bones?

Back 38

nutrient artery
epiphyseal arteries
metaphyseal arteries

Front 39

what is an anastomoses?

Back 39

direct attachment for communication between two blood vessels

Front 40

there is an anatstomoses bwtn. ___ and ____ arteries which leads to good ___ circulation (process of connecting two arteries )

Back 40

nutrient and metaphyseal
collateral

Front 41

characteristics of veins

Back 41

thin-walled
accompany arteries
NO LYMPH VESSELS IN BONE

Front 42

_____ growth is the increase in diameter. Occurs as _____ remodel bone from medullary cavity and ____ add bone to outside

Back 42

appositional
osteoclasts
osteoblasts

Front 43

skeleton is renewed/rebuilt every __ years

Back 43

5

Front 44

bone marrow on its perphery has ___ or ____ sinuses that anatomose and drain blood to the _____ vein.

Back 44

venous or vascular sinuses
central vein

Front 45

blood cells, produced in the ____ cross the wall of these sinuses to reach ____ circulation

Back 45

bone marrow
peripheral