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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. which air pollutants contribute to the green house effect? what are its consequences?
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air pollutants contributing to the greenhouse effect- CO2 (mostly), methane, chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), dinitrogen oxide.
the consequences are an increase in average temp. of the earth-> global warming, increased sea level, retreat of glaciers and polar ice caps, extreme weather events. |
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2. which are the adverse health effects of exposure to sulfur dioxide and sulfate particles?
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short term effects- bronchial constriction, decreased lung function, increase in daily number of hospital admission from respiratory and CV diseases and increase in daily mortality from all causes.
long term effects- possible development of asthma. |
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3. what are the adverse health effects of exposure to increased conc. of nitrate in drinking water?
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* methamoglobinemia in newborns- "blue baby" syndrome.
* probably human carcinogen (N-nitrosamines) |
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4. which are the health effects of fluoride exposure in drinking water?
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low conc. (0.5-1 mg\l)- reduce dental carries
2-5 mg\l- moderate fluorosis= yellow brown stain on the teeth. >5 mg\l- severe fluorosis= pitting of dental enamel, bone fractures and skeletal deformities. |
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5. list the clinical symptoms that were observed among children in japan after transplacental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)?
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1. dark brown pigmentation
2. pigmented nails 3. facial edema 4. dental abnormalities 5. low birth weight |
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6. list the main types of adverse health effects caused by exposure to chemicals?
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1. resp. disorders
2. dermatitis, conjuctivitis 3. GIT manifestations 4. nausea and vomiting |
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7. which diseases can be caused by occupational asbestos exposure?
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1. asbestosis (pulmonary fibrosis)
2. benign pleural fibrosis 3. pleural plaques 4. lung cancer 5. mesothelioma |
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8. list three diet related chronic diseases (DRCD)?
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1. CV diseases-> increased risk of CHD
2. cancer of mouth, stomach, esophagus, liver 3. osteoporosis |
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9. how can be the diagnosis of an occupational disease established?
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based on the criteria of occupational diseases:
1. effect- fit the description of the disease 2. exposure- documented by occupational history, examination and investigation 3. time sequence- cause->effect 4. competing causes- balance |
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10. what heavy metals can be released from the solder material of canned food?
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lead
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11. list at least 3 social determinants of health?
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education
occupation income gender ethnicity/race |
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12. list the 2 basic health policy principles of the developed societies?
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efficiency!
solidarity! pleuralism? citizenship? |
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13. what are the basic health economic methods which can be used in health policy decision making process?
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cost- benefit
cost- effectiveness cost- utility cost- minimization |
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14. what is the definition of clinical effectiveness?
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the extent to which a specific intervention improves health and ensures the greatest possible health gain from the available resources
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15. what is vertical priority setting?
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????
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16. risk factors for asthma?
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environmental factors- acute resp. infections, ambient air pollution, environmental tobacco smoke.
genetic factors- males, bronchial hyperactivity, HLA DR3/DR2, IgE R beta |
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17. how to measure obesity?
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1. calculation of waist hip ratio (WHR)
2. BMI= Kg/m2 3. measurment of waist circumference (older age groups) |
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18. how to reduce the risk for DM type 2 primary?
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primary prevention- dietary advice, physical activity, stop smoking, decrease alcohol consumption.
secondary prevention- detection of unknown cases, treatment of hyperglycemia and other metabolic disorders tertiary prevention- appropriate treatment of cases to reduce morbidity and mortality |
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19. types of cancers related to smoking which are not lungs?
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lips
mouth pharynx larynx stomach esophagus colorectal bladder pancreas kidney liver cervix |
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20. types of biological weapons which dont form epidemics?
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staphylococcal enderotoxin B (SEB)
anthrax botulinum toxin those that cause an epidemic: Venezuelan equine encephalitis hemorrhage fever pest small pox |
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21. what is the reason for cadmium bone defects?
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cadmium causes nephropathy which in turn causes an increase in the excretion of Ca and Pi among others-> decrease in Ca and Pi would cause the bone defects
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22. reason for hyperpigmentation from water?
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arsnic contamination-> hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentosis, "black foot disease"
fluoride-> yellow brown stains on teeth (?) |
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23. most severe cause of CHD?
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hypercholesterolemia (leading cause)
smoking HTN |
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24. nicotine damage in children?
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change in HR, BP, breathing pattern, may cause asthma, mood, memory and appetite problems
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25. benzene effects?
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myelotoxic effect-> pancytopenia-> prone to infections, hemorrhage
carcinogenic effect-> myeloid leukemia |
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26. main food source of mercury?
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monomethyl/ dimethyl mercury accumulating in FISH
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27. mechanism of silicosis?
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inhalation of the silica dust leads to deposition in the lung where it is phagocyosed by macrophages. interstitial fiber deposition occurs due to changed metabolism and lysosomal membrane damage which lead to cellular damage. granuloma formed with emphysema around it. with progressive lung fibrosis there is serious damage to respiration and circulation
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28. chronic lead effects?
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anemia
nephropathy- kidney failure stillbirth, spontaneous abortion decreased sperm count and motility neurotoxic acute effects: abdominal colic and pain encephalopathy convulsions, coma and death |
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29. what does POEM stand for?
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patient oriented evidence that matters.
how the treatment affects life expectancy/mortality of a patient. it should be compared to the DOE (disease oriented evidence) when regards the direct effect of treatment |
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30. prevention of occupational diseases?
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elimination
substitution change of process control of design engineering control maintainance, housekeeping administrative measures training, education personal protective equipment |
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31. solidarity?
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traditional solidarity= strong responsibility of the society for the health needs of the individual guaranteeing universal access to health care.
new concept= limit the responsibility, everyone should have access to guaranteed basic package of health care services |
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32. what is HTA (health technology assessment)?
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systemic evaluation of benefits and harm
cost effectiveness of medical technology ethical, political and economical impact |
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33. what is inversely related to income?
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total fertility rate (TFR)
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34. examples of occupational diseases?
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lung- pneumoconiosis, allergic resp. diseases, obstructive resp. diseases
musculoskeletal- low back pain neurological- hand arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) skin- dermatitis cancer- lung, bladder, skin |
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35. explain the greenhouse effect?
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greenhouse gases trap heat within the surface-troposphere system, causing heating at the surface of the planet.
increasing conc. of greenhouse gases increases the greenhouse effect causing increase in global temp. |
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36. why are vegetarians more prone to iron deficiency than non vegetarians?
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vegetarians are more prone to iron deficiency since meat, poultry and fish are important sources of haem iron (hemoglobin, myoglobin)
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37. name at least 2 oral cavity lesions caused by excess mercury intake?
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stomatitis
gingivitis salivary gland swelling increased salivation |
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38.how can you prevent food contamination?
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primary prevention-
1. legislation relating to food hygiene and safety 2. international food standards (FAO/WHO) 3. implementing HACCP system (food quality control system) 4. establishing control programs 5. sanitary control of food production, processing, distribution, preparation and sale 6. food handlers training, public education secondary prevention- outbreak investigation epidemic control measures |
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39. mass destructive weapons?
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nuclear
chemical biological: bacteria- anthrax, pest, tularemia viral- VEE, small pox, hemorrhage fever toxin- botulinum, SEB |
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40. list at least 4 acute radiation symptoms?
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vomiting
diarrhea decreased blood cells hair loss temporary sterility bleeding lens clouding chronic- cacinogenic |
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41. framework of quality?
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structure
process outcome |
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42. definition of clinical guidelines? (also number 141)
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systematically developed statements to assist the practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances
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43. definition of an indicator? (also number 68)
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any various statistical values that together provide an indication of the condition or direction
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44. policy cycle?
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problem identification and agenda setting-> policy formulation-> policy implementation-> policy evaluation/ policy change
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45. definition of horizontal and vertical equality?
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horizontal= equal or equivalent resources for equal health need
vertical= different resources for different levels of health need |
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46. what is healthy nutrition?
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consuming a wide variety of foods
eating in moderation mainly plant based diet (fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grain cereals, low fat, less sugar and salt) |
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47. health effects of ozone?
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short term exposure- AW irritation, breathing difficulties, nasal discharge, lower resp. tract symptoms, headache, fatigue, AW inflammation
long term exposure- possible risk factor for asthma development |
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48. basic actors in the health care system?
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consumer
providers of health care services health insurance funds health policy |
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49. what are the tools of health policy?
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legislation and regulations
taxation and financial stimulus information and coordination provision of direct service |
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50. main environmental exposure to mercury?
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air- mercury vapor
drinking water- both surface and ground food- fish amalgam tooth filling |
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51. occupational substances that cause lung cancer?
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crystalline silica
asbestos aluminum coal gasification radon arsenic bis ether chromium compounds mustard gas |
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52. what diseases can be prevented by physical activity?
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breast and colorectal cancer
decrease risk- CHD, HTN, stroke, type II DM, osteoporosis, feelings of depression and anxiety |
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53. what is COPD?
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:
chronic bronchitis asthma emphysema |
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54. basis of policy?
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freedom
solidarity equality |
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55. supplier induced demand (SID)?
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doctors may encourage patients to demand health care they dont necessarily need.
the patient is induced to consume health care that he wouldnt if he had the same information as the doctor |
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56. los angels smog?
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photochemical smog, O3, NO2, PAN (peroxyacetylnitrate)
promoting factors: high vehicle density, high temp., sunshine can occur in cities |
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57. acute radiation syndrome?
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symptoms due to exposure to high dose radiation
vomiting, diarrhea, decreased blood cells, bleeding, hair loss, temporary sterility, clouding of lens (hematopoetic\GI\CV\CNS syndrome) |
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58. main ways to prevent cancer?
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primary prevention- reducing the prevalence of known risk factors (life style, environment, occupational factors) by population intervention programs.
secondary prevention- early detection by screening programs and effective treatment |
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59. ways to prevent asthma?
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primary prevention-
1. reducing the presence of household allergens 2. reduce ambient conc. of outdoor allergens 3. clean indoor air legislation 4. monitoring and reporting pollen conc. 5. reducing risk for occupational exposure secondary prevention- screening (early detection and treatment) |
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60. how do you prevent GI diseases in the community?
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proper sanitation
hand washing avoid drinking contaminated water avoid contaminated food |
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61. what are the determinants of health quality by the WHO?
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structure- facilities, equipment, manpower
process- characteristic available services outcome- indicate the effect of health care |
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62. what are the determinants of health state?
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life style
environment genetic factors health care |
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63. what are the basic values of health policy?
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equity
solidarity quality efficiency choice |
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64. explosion of health care cost?
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aging of the population
medical technology development increasing consumer demand pressing concerns of patient law inflation rate |
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65. why is the prevalence of DM in developed countries increased more than its incidence?
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prevalence depends on the incidence of the disease and on the length of the disease. in developed countries the life expectancy of DM patients is longer leading to longer disease length
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66. quality improvement (PDCA cycle)?
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plan
do check (study) act |
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67. why did demand for health care increase?
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changes in age structure
increasing real income improvement in medical technology |
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68. basic values in health policy?
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equity- horizontal, vertical
efficiency- covers both the effectiveness and costs of health services choce- the right to choose provider/doctor solidarity- everybody has access to guaranteed basic package of health services independently of their ability to pay for it |
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69. quality indicator?
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an indicator is a defined measurable dimension of the quality or appropriateness of an important aspect of patient care.
types- structure/process/outcome indicator |
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70. define clinical effectiveness?
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the extent to which specific clinical intervention is maintained and improves health and secure the greatest possible health gain from the available resources
(how well the treatment works in practice) |
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71. define clinical efficiency?
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how well the treatment works in clinical trials
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72. what are the determinants of health?
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personal factors- life style, social support
community factors- built environment, social environment structural factors- natural environment, macrosocial conditions |
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73. what is included in health behavior surveys? (also 147)
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surveillance system X
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74. what is now known for the reason of bovine encephalopathy?
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BSE- bovine spongiform encephalopathy, commonly known as mad cow disease occurs due to BSE agent which is a specific type of missfolded protein called prion. it causes spongy degeneration in the brain and spinal cord
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75. risk factors for schizophrenia?
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poverty
age major physical disease social environment |
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76. agents causing asthma?
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wheat
green coffee grain dust wood dust animal Ag urine protein |
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77. cancers of alcohol?
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oral cavity
esophagus colon breast liver? |
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78. side products that are carcinogenic from water chlorination?
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trihalomethane (THM)-> chloroform
(bladder cancer) |
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79. why neutron is better for cancer therapy?
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it doesnt need O2 and thus useful against resistent hypoxic cells
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80. risk factors for CVD?
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hypercholesterolemia
HTN smoking decreased HDL decreased exercise |
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81. how to change fat content to decrease cholesterol?
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omega fatty acids from fish, fish oil, canola oil
increase cis FA intake (essential FA) decrease trans FA intake (fast food, margarine) decrease saturated fat intake unsaturated FA-> protective |
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82. acute styrene poison causes?
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dermatitis
irritation of the eye neural effects color vision tiredness possible human carcinogen (myeloid leukemia) |
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83. cadmium toxicity?
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acute- pneumonia, pulmonary edema
chronic- nephropathy, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, itai-itai disease (bone fractures, skeletal deformities), bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer |
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84. native component of water?
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Ca
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85. minimata disease?
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result of consumption of methylmercury contaminated fish
blue red vision, paralysis of fingers lips and tongue, blindness, deafness, mental retardation (developmental) |
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86. blue baby syndrome?
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nitrate in water
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87. red wine?
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resveratrol- decrease LDL
quercetin- decrease risk of cancer |
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88. which frequency is loss of hearing?
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4000 Hz
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89. hemorrhagic fever?
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marburg, ebola, lassa viruses
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90. diseases caused by tobacco?
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COPD, CHD, lung cancer, emphysema, chronic bronchitis
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91. risk factors for chromosomal disorders?
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>35 y
previous miscarriage genetic predisposition irradiation previous child affected balanced translocation |
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92. cancer not related to occupational disease?
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breast cancer
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93. Chernobyl disaster cause spread of?
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131 I, 134 Cs, 137 Cs, 90 Sr
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94. PAH contamination of blood?
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resp.- coughing, cyanosis, dyspnea
GI- abdominal pain, vomiting, burning sensation in stomach CNS- psychosis, encephalopathy, convulsions, lethargy, coma |
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95. genisten?
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found in soybean
suppressor of oncogene deacrese menopause symptoms protect against cancer, CHD |
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96. where can NO be found?
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vehicles, power plants
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97. vit. A deficiency?
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night blindness, xerophthalmia, irreversible blindness
non specific symptoms- increased susceptibility to resp. and GI diseases, increased risk of anemia, slow growth and development |
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98. etiology of iodine deficiency?
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availability of iodine in water or food
excessive intake of goitrogens (cyanoglucosides in cassave) |
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99. lead is produced from?
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air
drinking water food lead based paint soil and street dust occupational exposure- battery manufacturer |
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100. byssinosis?
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also know as brown lung disease
lung disease caused by exposure to cotton dust in unventilated environment cause- resp. failure, tracheal constriction |
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101. gene involved in Alzheimer?
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ApoL epsilon 4 allele
gene for APP on chromosome 21?? |
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102. which air pollutants are formed in the air due to chemical reaction?
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O3, NO2, PAN (peroxyacetylnitrate)
directly formed- SO2, NO, CO, CO2, SPM |
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103. list the environmental source of lead exposure?
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air
frinking water food lead based paint soil and street dust occupational exposure- battery manufacturer |
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104. what can cause pneumoconiosis?
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crystalline silica- silicosis
talc- talcosis Be- beryllosis Al- aluminosis |
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105. what is the major symptoms of organophosphate poisoning?
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mild- diarrhea, headache, dizziness, nausea, excess sweating, abdominal pain
moderate- difficulty in talking, miosis, tremor, convulsions severe- miosis, cyanosis, paralysis, resp. paralysis (death) |
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106. what are the major challenges of public health
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1. poverty and inequality- nutrition, mental health, access to care
2. population growing, aging- nutrition, mental health, chronic diseases 3. infectious diseases- AIDS, malaria, TB, antibiotics resistance 4. environmental- urbinization, housing, pollution, climate change 5. terrorism |
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107.what are the criteria for establishing occupational disease?
(also 9) |
effect
exposure time sequence competing causes |
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108. what are the major trends of clinical epidemiology?
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production of the evidence (clinical research)
promoting use of the evidence |
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109. what are aflatoxins and what is their adverse effects?
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mycotoxins, can contaminate nuts, corns, grains.
produced by aspergillus flavus, aspergillus parasiticus. genotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, carcinogenic (HCC) |
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110. list 3 major causes for burden of disease in developed countries?
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according to WHO:
tobacco consumption alcohol consumption increased BP increased cholesterol * in developing countries: underweight unsafe sex unsafe water sanitation, hygiene |
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111. list the effects of UV-B radiation on the skin?
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acute- erythema, sunburn
chronic- freckles, solar lentigines, solar keratosis, photo aging of the skin, skin cancer (melanoma or non) |
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112. describe the possible approaches of the prevention and control of iron deficiency?
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1. food based approach:
a. dietary improvement- improve availability of nutrients, change feeding practices b. food fortification- add micronutrients to foodstuff to ensure minimal dietary requirements are met, long term approach, limited potential in poor farming areas. 2. iron supplementation to prevent anemia- in infants, young children, pregnancy |
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113. what is the dietary recommendation for CV disease prevention?
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lower intake of fat from animal sources
high intake of complex CH (whole grains, fruits, vegetables) reduction of alcohol consumption reduction of salt intake (<5 g/day) |
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114. list main types of adverse health effects caused by exposure to chemicals?
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local effects at the portal of entry- resp., skin, eye, GI
specific toxic effects- allergies, carcinogenic, mutagenic generalized systemic effects- neuro-, nephro-, hepato-toxic |
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115. which oxidants are produced photochemically from exhaled gas?
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those found in the LA smog- O3, PAN, NO2
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116. which animals serve as important reservoir for human trichosis?
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pigs
bears |
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117. what are the sources of nitrosamine exposure in the population?
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formed from nitrates which are used as preservatives
moldy food contamination by environment pollutants solvent in rubber and electrical industry |
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118. list the characteristic points of the dose response curve?
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DTH- dosis tolerate maxima- dose which can be tolerate without AE
DEM- dosis effective minima- minimal dose which alreasdy has effects characteristic to the chemical DT- dosis toxica minima- minimal dose which already has toxic effects DL- dosis letalis minima- minimal lethal dose LD50- dose that causes death of 50% of exposed population non effective dose- subthreshold dose threshold dose |
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119. which radioactive isotopes have the greatest health importance?
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cesium 137
plutonium 239-> gamma radiation I 131- hyperthyroidism treatment |
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120. what kind of cancer are attributed to chronic exposure to nickle?
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sinonasal and lung cancer
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121. list the characteristic symptoms of long term exposure to low dose of organic solvents?
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permanent impairment of neuronal function
neuron loss psychoorganic syndrome- sleep problems, memory impairment, difficulty in concentration, decreased intelect carcinogenic teratogenic dermatitis |
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122. list the most important parameters determined during routine bacteriological examination of drinking water?
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total coliforms
fecal coliforms fecal strep. total organism count |
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123. what kind of pollution can cause acid rain?
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SO2, (NO)x
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124. complication of silicosis?
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scar tissue fibrosis in the lung, formation of nodules, eventually honey comb lung which leads to resp. failure
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125. the greatest extent of benzene exposure in the general population comes from?
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gasoline fumes
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126. what is the daily dose of iron?
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male- 10 mg/day
female- 14 mg/day |
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127. which side products from water chlorination are carcinogenic?
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trihalomethanes, chloroalkanes, chloroacids, chloroketones
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128. what are the complications of soft water?
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affect pregnancy
neural tube defects- spina bifida |
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129. what are the physical agents that effect noise induced hearing lose?
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frequency
intensity intermittent or continuous noise |
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130. what are the effects of chronic exposure to ionizing radiation
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carcinogen
mutagen teratogen |
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131. what is BMI, what is its normal range?
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body mass index= kg/m2
normal range: 18.5-24.99 kg/m2 |
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132. what is the upper limit of total fat intake (in energy %) according to FAO/WHO?
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15-30%
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133. stomach cancer is associated with?
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nitrate in drinking water
infection by H. pylori salted and preserved food |
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134. iron deficiency is associated with?
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anemia
decreased intellectual capacity decreased resistance to infections low work productivity |
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135. why is the Mediterranean diet considered healthy?
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olives, marine food- MUFA, PUFA
fresh fruits and vegetables- antioxidants, phytochemicals garlic- anticoagulant, antibacterial/viral/fungal |
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136. list the most important complications of diabetes?
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microvascular- retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy
macrovascular (ATH)- 2/3 of deaths due to DM |
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137. which HLA genotype has protective effect on development of IDDM?
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HLA- DR2
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138. benzene effect?
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short term- headache, tremor, confusion, dizziness, vomiting, sleepiness
long term- anemia (pancytopenia), myeloid leukemia |
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139. PM10 effects?
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particulate matter<=10 micrometer
short term- resp. symptoms, decreased lung function long term- decreased lung function, increased incidence of COPD and CVD, increased mortality *the symptoms are exacerbated in patients with COPD, asthma and CVD |
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140. neurotoxic effects of lead?
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decreased intellectual capacity
personality changes memory loss depression peripheral neuropathy |
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141. the goals of health system?
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to ensure good health
responsiveness to the expectations of the population fair financial contribution |
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142. clinical guideline?
(also 42) |
a document with the aim of guiding decisions regarding diagnosis, management and treatment in specific area of health care
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143. define quality assessment?
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assess 2 similar treatment options in regard to the better outcome, disregarding the price
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144. basic types of health care systems?
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primary- GP
secondary- specialist tertiary- specialist in a special center |
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145. what data do you collect with health surveys?
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general health
burden of disease socio-demographic health behavior risk factors opinion about health policy decision |
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146. tools supporting decision making in health policy?
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best practices
EBM HTA (health tech. assessment) evidence based health care health economics clinical practice guidelines clinical epidemiology |
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147. the london smog?
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SO2, black smoke from burning coal, heavy metals
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148. what is included in health behavior surveys?
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method- health behavior surveys, health examination surveys
data- general health, burden of disease, socio-demographic, health behavior, risk factors |
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149. what are the sources of dioxin exposure?
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contaminated food (98% of human exposure-fish, meat, milk)
air- people that live next to waste incinerators human exposure- mixture of PCDD, PCDF (polychlorinated dibenzodioxine/dibenzofuran) |
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150. which factors are responsible to whole body sensitivity to radiation?
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total dose
type of cell type of radiation age stage of cell division part of body exposed general state of health tissue volume exposed time interval over which the dose is recieved |
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151. which factor contributes for development of psychological occupational diseases?
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stress!
from work content, personal relationships, physical envionment |
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152. what are the signs and symptoms of sick building syndrome?
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mucous membrane irritation (eye, nose, throat)
meurotoxic signs (fatigue, headache) asthma and asthma like symptoms xeroderma, itching GO complications depression |
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153. how do you reduce the risk of development of COPD?
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decrease tobacco smoking in the whole population
encourage smoking cessation for patients control of ambient air pollution prevention of occupational exposures |
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154. what substances in cigarrets cause CVD?
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nicotine
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155. uncertainty in health policy?
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adverse selection- people with poor health tend to choose insurance with good benefits while persons with good health avoid such insurance because of its high cost
moral hazard- ex ante moral hazard= due to the insurance the individual tends to behave in a more risky way ex post moral hazard= after injury/illness the individual takes more medical services than is needed because the insurance pays |
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156. indicators measure?
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care practices
clinical events complications outcomes |
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157. mental occupation diseases?
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under-performance
neurosis personality disorders alcoholism |
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158. increased physical activity can decrease the risk of?
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premature death
CHD, HTN, stroke type II DM colon and breast cancer osteoporosis depression, anxiety falls in older patients |
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159. risk factors for asthma in children?
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strong- household dust mites, cat dander
weak- ambient air pollution, environmental tobacco smoke possible- diet, lower resp. tract infections |
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160. the natural source of air pollution?
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forest fires
volcanic eruptions soil, plants |
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161. financing health care services?
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tax financed health care system
social health insurance system voluntary/private health insurance system out of pocket payment |
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162. definition of work related disease?
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disease with multiple causal agents, where factors in the work environment may play a role, together with other risk factors, in the development of such disease, which has a complex etiology
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163. major forms of reimbursement?
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fee for service (2ndary)
cost per day (2ndary) cost per case capitation payment budget setting mixed form global budget (2ndary) diagnosis related groups (2ndary)= DRG |
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164. what is health policy?
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health policy is characterized by an explicit concern for health and equity in all areas of policy and accountability for health impact
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165. define demand, need, utilization
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demand= quantity of a good or service per unit of time that an individual or household will purchase and consume
need= level of health services which good medical opinion deems necessary to meet utilization= actual use of health services and facilities |
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166. why the demand for health care increased dramatically?
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change in the age structure of society
increased real income improvements in medical technology |
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167. foods that are involved in poisoning diseases?
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poultry and poultry products
meat and meat products milk and milk products eggs and egg products cakes and ice cream |
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168. what is yusho disease?
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occurs by eating rice cooking oil contaminated by PCB
major symptom is chloracne other- hyperpigmentation, hyperemia of conjunctiva |
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169. what are the consequences of global environment pollution?
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global warming
deforestation desertification loss of biological diversity |
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170. occupational asthma?
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byssinosis
cotton mills, cotton dust, textile industries |
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171. what is the most common cause of death in male and female?
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cardiovascular
cancer trauma |
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172. the source of CFC?
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landfill
combustion of fossil fuel |
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173. colorectal cancers?
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alcohol
red meat saturated fat |
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174. who is the consumer?
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any person that uses the supply of the health system-
patients health care insurance people who but medications |
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175. long term exposure to PM2.5?
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short term- onset of AMI
long term- carcinogenic (group 2A), COPD, CVD, decreased life expectancy-> increased mortality |
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176. HACCP?
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hazard analysis critical control points
focus on preventing defects in the production process itself food quality control system |
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177. what is biostatistics?
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collection, processing, analysis and interpretation of numeric data generated in medicine or related discipline
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178. protocol?
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practical parameters that the physician may be required to follow in order to obtain clinical outcome
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179. criteria?
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an item that measure quality and can be used to assess it
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180. food poisoning?
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poisoning mushroom (amanita species)- phallotoxins, amantins
kernel of stone fruits (apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, prune, almond)- amygdalin= cyanoglucoside oxalic acid- spinach solanine- glycoalkaloid found in potato, tomato marine toxins- saxitoxin, tetrodotoxin aflatoxins- mycotoxis contaminating nuts, corns, grains |
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181. what is gatekeeper in health care?
(internet) |
often a primary care provider GP, that controls the patients access to health care services and whose approval is need for referral to other services\specialists.
the gatekeeper reduces costs by increasing coordination and preventing/reducing duplicative/inappropriate care |
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182. what is the illegal drug with the highest prevalence worldwide?
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cannabis??
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