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294 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The first step when conduction an inspection
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Arriving on time
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Three types of drawings used to show building information
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Plot plan
Floor plan Eevation plan |
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used to indicate how the building is situated with respect to other buildings and streets
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Plot plan
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Layout of indiviual floors and roof
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Floor plan
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shows both the number of floors in the building and the grade aroud
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Elevation plan
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during an inspection, when is a formal leter necessary
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Life threating violation or numerous minor violations
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self sustaining processof rapid oxidation of a fuel which produces heat and light
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Conbustion
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Result of rapid combustion reaction
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Fire
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Five general categories of heat generation
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Chemical
Electrical Mechanical Nuclear Solar |
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4 types of chemical reactions that result in heat
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Heat of combustion
Spontaneous heating Heat of decomposition heat of solution |
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Sufficent air is not present and insulation prevents disipation of heat
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Spontaneous heating
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The speed of a heating reaction doubles with each __ degree temp increase
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18 degree
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Release of heat from decomposing compounds usually due to bacterial action
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Heat of decomposition
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Passing electrical current through a conductor
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resistance heating
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heat from microwave AC or DC pulsating at high frequencies
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Dielectric heating
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wire not insulated well enough to contain heat
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leakage current heating
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heat when current flow is interuped
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heat from arcing
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the buildup of a positive charge on one surface and a negative on another
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Static electricity
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Two ways to generate mechanicle heat
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Compression and friction
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two modes fire burns in
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Flamming or combustion
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When heat is fed back to the fuel, it is know as...
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positive heat balance
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Three main progressive phases of a fire
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Incipient
steady-state burning Smoldering |
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The ability of a structural assembly to maintain its load bearing ability under fire conditions
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Fire resistance
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NFPA standar methods of test of fire endurance of building construction and material
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NFPA 251
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Fire resistive rating. temp is raised to___ degres in__ min then __ degrees in ___ hour
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1000 degrees in 5 min
1700 degrees in one hour |
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Most widly used test for surface burning characteristics
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Steiner tunnel test
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Maximun heat that can be produced if all combustible materials in a given area burn
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Fire load
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Slight fire load
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5 PSF
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Moderate fire load
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10 PSF
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Moderatley severe fire load
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10-15 PSF
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Severe fire load
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15-20 PSF
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Very severe fire load
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20+ PSF
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5 tests used on roof decks
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Intermittent flame exposure test
Flame spread test Burning brand test Flying brand test Rain test |
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What type of fire door must be used to serve as exit enclosures such as stairwells
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Hinged type
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All fire doors that are installed for life safety purposes mush be of what type
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electronic activation type
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NFPA standard for fire doors and windows
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NFPA 80
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What is the minimum depth of a draft curtain in relation to a ceiling height
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20%
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fire dampner must minimum fire rating
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1.5 hours
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Four methods use to make flammable material fire retardant
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Chemical changes
Inpregnation Pressure inpregnation Coating |
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Most electricla fires are caused by
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Arching or overheating
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Four common causes of electrical fires
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Old equipment
Improper use Defect install Accidental |
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Maintaining a RH of __-__ reduces static electricity
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60-70 percent
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Lumber yard stacks should not exceed __ feet in height
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20
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Driveways between lumber yard stacks shold be minimum of __ ft wide
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15
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Unsprinklered buildings in lumber yard should have at least __ft clearance from stacks
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50
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Bulk storage inside should be stacked no closer to the ceiling than __ in non-spinklered and __ from sprinklers
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2 ft
18 inches |
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Metal containers storing hot ashes should be stored __ft from cumbustable materials
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10
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Components of an HVAC system (6)
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Heater
AC Fan Duct Heat exchanger Thermostat |
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almost all boilers are of the ___ ___ type
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Water tube
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Refrigerants
-Class A -Class B |
Class A is toxic over 400ppm
Class B is toxic less than 400ppm |
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Passive smoke control
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Shutting down HVAC
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Where are fire dampers located
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Where HVAC duct pass through fire barrier walls
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Cooking equipment clearance
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18 inches
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cooking equipment: Fusable link should be replaced every __
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Year
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4 conditions for a dust explosion
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dust suspended in air
dust within explosive range ignition source dust in confined space |
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NFPA reccomends standpipes be provided at all operating levels over
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75ft
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At ambient temerature, materials will ignight as low as __% o2
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14
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What effect does emperature have on flammable range of a substance
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Temp increase or pressure broaden the range (vise versa)
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6 Heat energy sources
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Chemical
Mechanical Electrical Light Nuclear Sound |
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The rate most chemical reactions occur doubles with each __ degreee increase
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18 degree
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At ambient temp of __degrees, materials cn ignight at O2 concentrations as low as__%
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70 degrees
14% |
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What effect does temperature have on flammable range
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Increased temp broaded the range, decreased temp narrows it
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By-product of combustion of polyurethane foam
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Hyrogen-cyanide
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Most common by-product of combustion
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carbon monoxide
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Class __ fires use a extinguishing agent that turns fats and oils into a soapy form through a process called _____.
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Class K
Saponification |
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Traits that indicate changes in the enviroment during the growth stage
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Thermal layering
Isolated flames Rollover Flashover |
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Rapid transition between growth and fully developed fire
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Flashover
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Flashover temperature range
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900-1200 degrees
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CO auto ignition range
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900-1200 degrees
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the most common gas rpoduced with pyrolosis
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Carbon dioxide (CO)
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In a compartment fire, what is the most fundamental fuel characteristic influencing fire development?
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mass and surface area
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Cause of one of the most significant change in fire behavior
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Ventilation
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COmposed of non-cumbustable or limited combustable materials and provides the highest level of safety
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Type I construction
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Construction composed of materials that will not contribute to fire development
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Type II
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Construction materials of reinforced concrete, presact concrete and protected steel frame
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Type I
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Construction materials of metal framing, metal cladding,concrete-block or open web steel
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Type II
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Exterior walls constructed of non cumbustable material and interior will be constructed by any material permitted
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Type III
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Construct type common in churches, schools and apartments
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Type III
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Heavy timber construction using large diameter lumber
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Type IV
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In type IV construction, al material that is not large diameter wood must have a ____ rating
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1 hour
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Wood frame construction
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type V
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Assembly is a building, structure or compartment gathering of __ or more persons
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50
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An educational occupancy is a building for education with __ or more persons through ___ and __ grade
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6 or more
Preschool and 12th grade |
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Lodging and boarding of four or more residents unrelated to the owner/operator
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residential board and care
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Three evacuation capabilities of a residential board and care
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Slow
pormpt impractical |
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In order for a boarding room to be above a mercantile occupancy, what must be in place
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1-hour fire wall or sprinklers
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Sleeping accomidations to __ or more perons is know as a _____
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16
Dormitory |
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____ occuoancies are subsidiary to the main accupancy of a structure and limited to __% of the area
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Accessory Occupancy
10% |
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Two main methods of fire-retardant wood
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Impregnation
Surface coating |
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Single most important factor in determining concrete strength
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Water to cement ratio
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Two disadvantages of steel
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Rust
loss of strength when exposed to fire |
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A steel column encased in 3" of concrete silccoln will have a ___ hour rating
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4 hour
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Intumesant coatings on steel provide __ hour fire barrier
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3 hour
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Aluminum melts at ___ degrees
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1220 deg
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Wire glass provides a ___ Min fire rating when used in a listed fire dorr or fire window frame
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45 minute
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Type __ and type __ gypsum board are used in fire rated structures
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Type C and X
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Building codes require __ inch of _______ must seperagte plastics from the interior of the building
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1/2" of gypsum board or equivilent
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The end of a wood joist cut at an angle to allow the beam to fall away freeley in a collapse
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Fire cut
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Fire wall minimum rating___
Highest rating required____ |
2 hours
4 hours |
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Freestanding walls must resist a lateral load of at least ___psi
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5 psi
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Paarapet height range
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18"-36"
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What type of doors in a fire wall
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Automatic or self closing
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FIre partition rating ___hr
Fire Barrier rating __to__hr |
1
1-4 |
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Used for area seperation, hazard protection, stairwell and shaft or refuge in health care facilities
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Fire barrier
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Term: When a floor area is a building is subdivided with fire resistive partions or walls
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Compartmentalized
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A fire wall seperating apartements in the same building usually require a __ hour fire wall
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1
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When a building is constructed using a structural frame, the exterior walls are know as _____
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Curtain walls
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From a fire protection standpoint, roofs are divided into 3 categories
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Flat
Pitched curved |
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Span length range of trusses
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10-60 ft
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_____ roofs employ a method holding down the roof covering such as rock/tar
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Ballasted
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Maximum amount of roof layers allowed by code
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2
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Floor decking in type IV construction is minimum of __" plank with a __" finish floor
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3"
1" |
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Term: Wood or metal diagonal bracing or blocking between joist
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Bridging
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Stairway rise __to__"
Run __" |
4-7"
11" |
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Protected stairs serve __ or more stories
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2
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Protected stairwell fire rating
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1-2 hours depending on size of building
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Stair enclosures using either active or passive smoke control may be called _____
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smokeproof
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When are unprotected stairwells permitted?
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When they only connect two adjacent floors
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5 door types
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Swinging
Sliding Folding Vetical Revolving |
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revoloving doors must have a _____ within __ feet
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Swinging door
10" |
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Maximun amount of force needed to collapse revolving doors
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130 pounds
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Why is a lower rated fire door allwoed to exsist with a higher rated wall?
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Wall is assumed to have cumbustables next to it. Doorway are clear
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Fire doors with up to __ hour rating may have glass that is fire rated
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3 ours
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Fire doors with ratings between 1-3 hours may have glass up to __ square inches
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100
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Most common hoistway fire rating in the door
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1 1/2 hour
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Smoke damper is acivated by
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Smoke alarm or sprinkler
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Fire damper is activated by
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fusible link
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HVAC of ___ cubic feet of air per minute require internal smoke detection devices
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2000
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Fuse boxes are found in buildings built before ____
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1950
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two hazardous materials found in lead-acid batteries
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Sulfuric acid
Metallic lead |
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Primary aspect of a buildings design
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Ability of occupants to evacuate safely
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A path of exit from a building
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Means of egress
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Three components of a means of egress
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Exit access
Exit Exit discharge |
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Continuus and unobstructed path vertical and horizontal egress or exit travel from any occupied point in a building or structure to a public way
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Means of egess
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Where must a means of egress terminate
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Public way or area of refuge
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minumum width and height of a public way
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10 feet
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Areas that provise a interim safe haven between the hazard and public way
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Area of refuge
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Commonly used in high rise, as a means of passing through a fire-barrier wall that seperates two fire compartments in a structure
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Horizontal exit
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Horizontal exits require a __ hour fire wall and __ hour door
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2 hour wall
1 1/2 hour door |
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Horizontal exits may substitue other exits if___________
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The do not compose more that 50% of the total exit capacity of the building
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_______ exsist between the termination of the exit and public way
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Exit discharge
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In new buldings, doors seving as a means of egress will be at least __" wide, no more than __" wide, providing a minimum of __" unobstructed
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36"
48" 32" |
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Panic harware activation: __lbs
Dor in motion: __lbs |
15
30 |
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Stairway must be __ wide with more than __ people. Otherwise ___ wide.
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44" more than 50 people
36" less than 50 people |
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Stair landngs must be provided so no flight is longer than _____
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12 feet
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Stairwells must have a ____ fire resistance rating for __ stories or less. Otherwise ___ rating
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1 hour for 3 stories
2 hour for 4 or more |
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Ramps-
Width: slope: max length: |
44"
12:1 30' |
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Exit signs should be positioned so no point in the exit access is more than ____ from the nearest visible sign
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100 feet
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Floor exit signs must be __ to __ off the ground
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6"-8"
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Occupant load formula
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Net floor area/Area per person factor
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conditon when a cooridor has no exit and is more than 20ft long
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Dead end cooridor
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5 steps to determining the means of egress
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Occupant load
Clear width of each compnent egress capacity of each component most restricive component egress capacity sufficient? |
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four componentsof a effective public water supply
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Source
Treatment means of movment districution system |
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Primary source of water in north america
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ground water
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layers of pourous rock that capture water and store it
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Aquifer
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water from the ocean is __ times saltier than fresh water
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220
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Three types of water mains
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Primary feeders
Secondary feeders Distributors |
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Primary Feeder Dimension
Secondary feeder dimension Distributor dimention |
16"-72"
12"-14" 6"-8" |
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how often should water control valves be excersised
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annually
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water valves are located a maximun of ___ft in high value districs and ___ft in other areas
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500ft
800ft |
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Hydrant inspections should occur ___
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twice a year
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what color hyrant designates non-potable water
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violet
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Hydrant flow
Blue Green Orange Red |
1500+
1000-1499 500-999 500 or less |
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Hydrant color in order from high to low flow
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Blue
Green Orange Red |
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Hydrant flow from high to low flow
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1500
1000-1499 500-999 less than 500 |
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Early suppression fast response spriklers require ___psi at the most demanding head
|
50
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Standard for water based fire protection systems
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NFPA 25
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Fire deaths in residential structures can be reduced by __ percent with sprinklers
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82%
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residential sprinkler minium flow
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18gpm with one sprinkler
13gpm with two or more |
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Class I and III standpipes must provide ___gpm with ___psi residual pressure
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500 gpm
100psi |
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Hose connections to standpipes must be no hgher than __ft
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6ft
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Sprinkler color coding
Uncolored/Black White Blue Green Orange |
Ordinary 135-170
Intermediate 175-225 High 250-300 Extra high 325-375 Very extra high 400-475 Ultra high 500-575 |
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Sprinkler color coding:
Colors in order low to high |
Uncolored/Black
White Blue Red Green Orange |
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Sprinkler color coding:
Classification names in order low to high |
Ordinary
Intermediate High Extra High Very extra high Ultra high |
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Sprinkler color coding:
Temp ranges from low to high |
135-170
175-225 250-300 325-375 400-475 500-575 |
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Standard for dry chem extingushers
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NFPA 17
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|
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Ordinarydry chem effective in class B and C fire with some effecivness of class A fires
|
Sodium Bicabonate
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|
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Know as Purple-K and most effective on class B and C fires. one lb can extingush twice as much fire as Sodium Bicarbinate
|
Potassium Bicarbinate
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Muliti-purpose dry chem, effective on A,B and C fires
|
monammonium phosphate
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|
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4 parts to a dry chem system
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Storage
piping nozzle actuator |
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Dry chem fusable links should be replaced ____
|
Annually
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dry chem storage tank less than __lbs must be hydrostatically tested ___
|
150lbs
every 12 years |
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A wet chem system is most effective on____
|
Deep fat fryers
|
|
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wet chem agents are water and potassium _____ (3)
|
carbonate
citrate acetate |
|
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Clean agent tanks hydro test
|
every 5 years
|
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Total flooding co2 systems deliver __% co2
|
34%
|
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Foam extinguishes a fire by one or more of the following methods (4)
|
Smothering
Separating Cooling Suppressing |
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5 types of foam systems
|
Fixed
Semi-fixed type A (Portable) Semi-fixed type B (Non-Portable) High expansion Foam-water |
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4 necessary elements to produce high quality foam
|
Concentrate
water air agitation |
|
|
Hydro-carbon fuels foam percentage
|
1-6%
|
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Polar solvent fuels foam percentage
|
3-6%
|
|
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Class B low expansion foam percentages
|
1%
3% 6% |
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medium and high expansion foam concentrations
|
1%
1.5% 2% |
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foams designed for ____ cannot be used on ___ fuels
|
hyrdo-cabon cannot be used on polar solvent. Vise-versa is ok though.
|
|
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Foam expansion ratios
Low Medium High |
Low- 7:1 - 20:1
Medium- 20:1 - 200:1 High- 200:1 - 1000:1 |
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___ Foam is most effective when the temp of the fuel is less than ___ degrees
|
low expansion
212 degrees |
|
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___ Foam is used when rapid vapor suppression is needed
|
Medium expansion
|
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___ Foam is used as a space filling agent for hard to reach areas
|
High expansion
|
|
|
Foam concetrate types
|
Flouroprotein
Film Forming flouroprotein (FFFP) aqueous film forming (AFFF) Alcohl resistanf AFFF (AR-AFFF) Medium and high expansion foams |
|
|
Synthetic based foam that creates a membrane rather than a film.
|
AR-AFFF
|
|
|
Flourinated suractant added to detergent foam causes water to drain from the foam blanket and float on hydrocarbon
|
AFFF
|
|
|
provides a strong blanket over the fuel to provide a long-term vapor barrier
|
Flouroprotein
|
|
|
incorperates flouroprtein and AFFF charactoristics
|
FFFP
|
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|
CO2 Extinguishers store at a pressure of ____
|
840psi
|
|
|
dry chemical extinguishers use ___ as a expellant
|
Nitrogen
|
|
|
Extingusher with weight of 40 lbs or less should be installed with top no higher than
|
5' off floor
|
|
|
extinushers weighing more than 40 lbs should be stored
|
top no heigher than 3.5' off floor
|
|
|
Clearance between bottom of extinghuisher and floor should be no less than __
|
4"
|
|
|
What are two things that prevent large losses in a fire
|
Early detection
Signaling of appropiate alarm |
|
|
NFPA National fire alarm code
|
NFPA 72
|
|
|
Secondary alarm system power mct be active within ___ upon failure of primary
|
30 seconds
|
|
|
4 types of automatic alarm initiating devices
|
Heat
smoke fire gas flame |
|
|
Slowest type of detector to activate during fire
|
Heat
|
|
|
Heat detector color and temp
|
Uncolored Low 100-134
Uncolored Ordinary 135-174 White intermediate 175-249 Blue high 250-324 Red extra high 325-399 Green very extra high 400-499 Orange ultra high 500-575 |
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|
Three pricipals heat detectors use
|
Heat causes expansion of metals
Heat causes melting of metals Heated material has theromoelectric properties |
|
|
Rate of rise detector sends signal at ____ per minute increase
|
12-15 degree
|
|
|
Which heat detector montiors a large area
|
Pnuematic rate of rise detector
|
|
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Which dectector monitors a specific area
|
Pnuematic rate of rise spot detector
|
|
|
What percent of fire deaths are attributed to skmoke inhalation
|
65%
|
|
|
Two ways photoeceltric smoke dectors funtion
|
Projected beam
Refractory |
|
|
which photoelectric smoe detector works well in large areas
|
Projected beam
|
|
|
What are two things that can cause an ionization detector to false alarm
|
Changes in humidity
Change in atmospheric pressure |
|
|
Which smoke detector respondes to flamming fires faster? Smoldering fires?
|
Ionization: Flamming
Photoelectric: Smoldering |
|
|
Three types of flame detectors
|
UV wave
IR wave Combo UV and IR |
|
|
which flame detector is for large areas
|
UV
|
|
|
an IR detector responds to __sqft of fire from up to __ft away
|
1 sqft of fire
50ft away |
|
|
pull station should be mounted on wall __ to __
|
3.5ft to 4.5ft
|
|
|
travel distance between pull stations
|
200ft
|
|
|
Pull stations should be places within __ of exits
|
5ft
|
|
|
5 types of alarm signaling systems
|
Protected premiss (Local)
Auxillary alarm (Transmts to FD) Propietary (Local, large facilities) Central station (Alarm company) Remote recieving (FD radio trans) |
|
|
Three area fire hazards are categorized
|
Unsafe behavior
Unsafe condition Hazardous process |
|
|
What is the number one cause of fires according to NIFIRS reports
|
Incendiary
|
|
|
Uncontained fires are not allowed within __ of a structure
|
50ft
|
|
|
In households, __% of electricity is used as light and __% converted into heat
|
10% light
90% heat |
|
|
weeds must be cleared within __ of any tire pile
|
50ft
|
|
|
How often are grease traps cleaned
|
weekly
|
|
|
Chargers for electrically operated battery units clearance from combustables
|
5 feet
|
|
|
Tents stake lines must be __ apart
|
10 feet
|
|
|
Clearance for welding/cutting operations
|
35ft
|
|
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After welding/cutting operation, what must be done and for how long
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fire watch for 30 minutes
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Standard for ID of hazardous materials for emergency responce
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NFPA 704
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Major cause of fire in powder coating operations
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Static electricity
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A portble extingusher rated ___ must be within __ft of an asphalt kettle
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40 B-C
25ft Additional 3A-40BC if on roof |
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Fire lane road must be able to access all potions of the building within __ft
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150ft
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Fire lane raods minimum width on way___ft two way___ft
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16ft
24ft |
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Vertical clearance on fire access roads
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13.5ft
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Generally, and angle of __ degrees is required on driveway approches
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8 degree
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A dead iend road is longer than __ ft
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150ft
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NFPA standard for competence of responders to haz-mat and WMD
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NFPA 472
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DOT flash point threshold
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141 degree
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OSHA flash point threshold
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100 degree
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Two primary types of spontanious heating materials
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Pyrophoric - Can light within 5 mins of contacting air
Self-heating - Self heat when contact air |
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DOT requires Any material shipped more than __ shall have a placard unless it is extremely hazardous
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1001lbs
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What explosive hazard class require placards reguardless of quantlty
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1.1, 1.2, 1.3
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DOT term for haz-mat transported by rail or motor
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Bulk packaging
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term for storage of compressed flammable and cumbustable gasses and liquids
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fixed ed site storage tanks
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Term used when fixed site storage tanks exceed one rail car is capacity
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bulk storage tank
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DOT term for all types of haz-mat for application to transportation
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Nonbulk packaging
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3 types of above ground storage tanks and their pressures
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Atmospheric 0-0.5psa
Low pressure storage tank .5-15psi High pressure vessel over 15psi |
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Above ground storage tanks must have one of the 4 relief provisions
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Loose utility covers
rupture disks weak seams at roof/shell conventional emergency relief system |
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NFPA limits bulk liquid propane storage at___
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120,000 gallons
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What must cryogenic materials be stored in
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double walled tank with vaccum in area between walls
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Storage tanks stored inside a structure more than ___ must be considered hazardous occupancy and isolated from the rest of the building
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660 gallons
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pressure relief devices in cryogenic tanks (3)
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Pressure relif valve
Flangible disk safety vent in insulation spac |
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Nonbulk packaging defined by the US DOT title 49CFR
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less than 119 gallons
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Dwelling occupancies can store no more than __ gallons of class 1A thru 1C or class II liquids. Assembly occupancies (Over 3 units) __ gallons
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25 gallons
10 gallons |
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Dwelling and assembly occupancies can store no more than __ gallons of class IIIA liquids
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60 gallons
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Flammable storgage metal containers include cans up to __ and drums up to ___
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10 gallon
55 gallon |
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Flammable storage safety can are up to __ gallons
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5 gallons
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when flammable storage room is located next to a building, what must be in place
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2 hour fire wall cunstructed of non-combustable or limited combustable material
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gas cylinders are designed for temps no greater than
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130 degrees
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Liquid or slurry oxidizers are shipped in what
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stainless steel trucks
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Bulk packaging threshold
Liquid: Solid: Gas: |
Liquid: 119 gallons
Solid: 882 lbs, or capacity for 119 gallons Gas: water capacity is capable of 1001 lbs |
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_____ carry the majority of haz mats transported by rail
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tank cars
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Tank cars are divided into 3 categories
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nonpressure
pressure cyrogenic |
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Rail tank ID: visible fittings for loading and unloading of product. Tank may be compartmentalized
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Non pressure tank without dome
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Rail tank ID: At least one expansion dome with a man way
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nonpressure tank with expansion dome
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Rail tank ID: Ftting located inside protective housing. May be isulated.
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Pressure tank car
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Rail tank ID: Fittings found in ground level cabinets. Tank can be enclosed in a box car
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Crygenic Liquid tank car
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Who enforces the storage of radiactive materials
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Nucular regulatory commision (NRC)
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Loading and unloading of class 1A-1C liquids must be no closer than ___ from storage tanks property lines or buildings
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25ft
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Loading and unloading for class II, IIIA and IIIB liquids must be loacted no clser than __ from storage tanks, property lines pr buildings
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15ft
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An inspector should fowwl one of three common methods of inspection
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Roof downward
Basement upward Follow manufacturing process |
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Three key components to a evacuation plan
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Evac routes
Monitor Duties Employee occupant duties |
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At a minimum, occupancies should conduct evac drills ______
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twice a year
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Total amount of energy relesed when a specific amount of a givin fuel is oxidized
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Heat of cumbustion
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Colorless liquid with a pungent choking odor, and is irritating to the mucous membranes
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Acetalehyde
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Substance that is colorless to clear yellow liquid with biter almond odor
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Benzaldehyde
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Which substance is a colorless liquid with a weak suffocating odor
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Isovaleraldehyde
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Another name for thermal layering
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Heat stratification
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Heat and smoke produced by combustion to rise until they encounter a horizonal obstruction and spread laterally
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mushrooming
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STrong air draft moving from ground level to roof level of a building
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Stack effect
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SIngle cut the width of a saw blade checking for extension
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kerf cut
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Movment of smoke blown out a vent opening and being drawn back in by negitive pressure
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churning
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