Presidency

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What is the stewardship theory?

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Theory that president is first accountable to the people. The president will stand in the bully pulpit and do what is necessary.

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Rhetorical Presidency

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Tulis's theory that the president speaks directly to the public. Presidents are actively molding their regimes. Presidents are going over the heads over Congress to

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Presidential mandate

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Duty or right to carry out the proposed policy.

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Institutional pluralism

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Kernell's term for period before individualized pluralism. Declined due to disintegration of strict political party adherence and emergence of new communications techonlogies.

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Plebiscetary President

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Expanison of power claimed by the president that jusitifies his mandate. Emphasizes power of technology and going public.

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Patrician Era

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Attempt by Washington to establish and unofficially codify traditions in the presidency. Fell apart with emergence of party clashes over Federalism.

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Minority Party President

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President whose own political party does not hold a mjority in Congress during his term. Forces the president to focus on increasing organizational strength of his party.

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Court Packing Plan

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When the Supreme Court kept trying to dismantle measures passed within the New Deal legislation, FDR proposed replacing every justice over 70.

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Purge Campaign

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Because FDR wanted Democratic campaign to be more ideological, he wanted to oust Southern Democrats who tried to rally against the New Deal.

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Right of Man

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With respect to the executive, it is either a political superfluity or a chaos of unknown things. The executive can be considered in no light other than as inferior to the legislature. Sovereign power in any country is the power of making laws, and everything else is an official department.

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Whig Theory

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"There is no undefined residiuum of power which the president can exercise because it seems to him to be in the public interest." Argues that there is no power except that granted by the Constitution and all political action must have a justification emnating from the Constitution.

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Sources of Presidential Power

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1. The Constitution
2. Party and popular support
3. "The man" - personal strengths and weaknesses
4. The times - how people feel about issues

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State building in Europe

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1. Concentration of government power at the center
2. Centralization of authority and executive offices
3. Penetration of administrative controls through periphery

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Articles of Confederation

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- One branch of national government (Congress)
- Congress needed 9 of 13 states to take action
- Decentralizes authority and power and falls perfectly in line with Revolutionary values and the rant against executive power that is the Declaration of Independence

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Federalist 70

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Hamilton carefully argues for a stronger executive by saying "A feeble executive implies a feeble execution of government."

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Article II

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The article that gives the president his powers. While Article I, which gives Congress its powers, is long and detailed and outlines most everything that body can do, Article II is brief. The power of the presidency lies in the silences of Article II.

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The Vesting Clause

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"The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America."

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Unitary Executive Theory

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The man and the power are one.
The power of the presidency is not in the office but in the man himself and, in times of emergency, this executive power knows no bounds.
Ex. Bush signing statements

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Youngstown v. Sawyer

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First major attempt to define executive power by the S.C.

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War of 1812

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Helps change the exigency of how war is waged. While Congress is still deciding whether to declare war against GB, they invade. SC ultimately says authority belongs to the president and his decision is conclusive upon all other persons.

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Civil War

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Defines what comes to be viewed as the ideal balance of executing war powers; act first, act later.

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Teddy and Taft War Powers Expansion

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Roosevelt and Taft moved U.S. forces around the globe without declaring war. Congress did not object and thus ratified their actions. This established "tradition" of moving troops as leveraging device to protect vital American interests.

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Korean War

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Truman uses UN Security Council resolutions as the basis for action. This is clearly not allowed under the Constitutional. As justification, Truman redefines his actions as policing. Congress remains passive once again.

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War Powers Resolution

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Passed in 1973, calls for collective judgment of Congress and President. President is allowed to act unilateral, waging war for up to 90 days before he must report to Congress on progress. Completely failed and gave the President more power.

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Patrician Era

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1. Power-seeking suspect
2. Power must be denied before exercised
3. Authority adheres to individuals, not to offices
4. Independence is essential
5. Governing is intensely personal
6. Government by consensus
7. Disdain for factions
8. No distinction between "the governors" and "the government"

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Patrician Era

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1. Power-seeking suspect
2. Power must be denied before exercised
3. Authority adheres to individuals, not to offices
4. Independence is essential
5. Governing is intensely personal
6. Government by consensus
7. Disdain for factions
8. No distinction between "the governors" and "the government"

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The Party Period

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- 1836 to 1900
- suffrage extended to all white men
- rise of new government class that lives off of politics
- parties held huge rallies, festivals
- parties evolved into state based organizations
- national party nominating conventions become primary way of building consensus
- governance is subordinate to party politics

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Party Period Norms

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- Subordination of individual to party politics
- Equal and exact justice to all
- Divisible, distributive politics
- Polk was the zenith of the era

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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- Principle of popular sovereignty - people can decide if they want slavery in their own states themselves
- Exacerbated conflict within the Democratic party and spurred formation of Republican party against popular sovereignty

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Patronage State

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Works Public Administration
Public Works Administration
Government as a creator of new jobs.

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Regulatory State

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Agricultural Adjustment Act - regulated farmers
Banking Act - expanded authority of Federal Reserve to regulate currency and monitor banks
Creating the SEC
New restrictions on previously unchecked entities within private enterprise.

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Redistributive State

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Changing of wealth. Home Owners Loan Corporation helped poor get housing.

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Symmetry assumption

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Party competition literature assumes symmetrical party structures. Assumes both parties will go after the media, voters

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Neustadt Theory of Presidential Power

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- changed political analysis from legal/formal base to a behavior base
- NeuStadt considered himself a modern Machiavelli, focusing on how to get power, keep it, and lose it
- Argues presidents can't rely on the Constitution alone to get things done
- Constitution only guarantees "clerkship"
- leadership under crisis and most leadership in military command
- Says the system is stacked against the president for 5 reasons.
1. Separate institutions sharing power inevitably leads to conflict
2. The parties are weak and thus accountability is diffused
3. There is no clear hierarchy within the bureacracy and thus power get fragmented
4. Interest groups are autonomous and create iron triangles that pollute the system. ex. tobacco and agriculture
5. Mass political sentiment is unorganized and unreliable and the president cannot look to the masses for support

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NeuStadt: Burdens on the President

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1. Congress
2. Party
3. Interest Groups
4. Agencies
5. Foreign nations

The president is accountable to them all and every one of these actors wants something from the president.

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More Neustadt

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- Presidents must be future oriented and build their power
- "Presidential power is the power to persuade."
- Professional reputations can be damaged from supporting unpopular measures.
- Jefferson never supported anything he didn't have the support of Congress on. Knew this from informal dinners.

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Neustadt Presidential Power

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1. Informal, not constitutional
2. Dependent on skill
3. Joins what Constitution separates
4. Getting done what the president wants done

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Issues with Neustadt

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- criteria doesn't allow for comparison of presidents
- No president has been able to do what Neustadt suggests. According to his methods, they are all failures.
- Equates style with success.
- Eliminates the possibility of more moderated public influence resulting in successful presidency

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Greenstein

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- Argues against Neustadt
- Says that his assessment of skill as style is too narrowing
- Silent Hand of Ike
- Argues that, although Eisenhower seemed to less and remained more removed from the public sphere, he was an adept manipulator of events and the course of his presidency behind the scenes.

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Analytic Framework

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Best analysis of presidents is often broken into period form. For most critically worthy analysis often best to compare presidents back-to-back since they most often serve under similar conditions.

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Samuel Kernell

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Increasingly, American presidents have come to rely on "going public"--that is, on making direct appeals to voters in order to scare Congress into passing legislation that the president wants. Naturally, this is not the only strategy available to presidents, and choosing "going public" over negotiation certainly has its costs. As such, Kernell's central research question is this: "Why should presidents come to favor a strategy of leadership that appears so incompatible with the principles of pluralist theory?" (11). The answer, according to Kernell, is that divided government makes bargaining a less appealing and successful strategy, forcing presidents into their public appeals

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Skowronek typology of presidential leadership

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- ignores chronological time and addresses presidents using "political time"
- Political time focuses on patterns of party realignments and fundamental regime changes
- Lincoln, Jackson, Jefferson, FDR all great presidents though they employed very different strategies
- Presidential action changes the political landscape and thus context isn't too relevant because it's more shaped than presidential action.
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Skowronek : Three fundamental elements of presidential action

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1. Order-shattering
2. Order-affirming
3. Order-creating