Prenatal Development

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They work together to make us who we are today.

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Environment and Biology

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The study of human evolution

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Charles Darwin

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Takes place over many generations

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Evolution

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Emphasizes the importance of adaptive behavior.

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Evolutionary Psychology

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Suggests that the way in which people develop is adaptive for the most part.

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Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

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Contained within our chromosomes

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DNA

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According to the Human Genome Project, how many chromosomes do humans have?

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30,000

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After fetilization of the egg by the sperm, a single cell is created known as what.

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Zygote

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What percent of genes do you get from your mother and father?

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50% from mother & 50% from father

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In which pair of chromosomes lies the difference between male and female?

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23rd Chromosome

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What chromosome pairing do women and men have?

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Women have XX chromosome and men have XY chromosome

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100% of a person's genetic material.

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Genotype

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Consists of observable characteristics.

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Phenotype

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This can only assert itself when both genes in a pair are recessive.

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Recessive gene

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When it comes to the inheritance of an X-linked disease, who has the best chance for inheritance?

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Males

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If you are looking at someone's brown hair, you are observing that persons what?

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Phenotype

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Chromosome abnormalities occur when the sperm and ovum do not: have a normal set of what?

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23 Chromosomes

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Who does Klinefelters syndrome effect?

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Males only

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With what sex-linked syndrome does a man have an extra X chromosome?

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Klinefelters Syndrome

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This chromosome disorder esults from an abnormality in the x-chromosome, which often becomes constricted and may break off?

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Fragile X Syndrome

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This syndrome occurs in females who have a missing or damaged x chromosome

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Turner Syndrome

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Turner syndrome occurs in approx. how man live births?

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1 in 2,500 live births

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In a study by Witkin in 1976, it was found that males with XYY syndrome were what?

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Just as likely to commit crimes as were XY males.

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A disorder that results in the inability to metabolize phenlalnine which is an amino acid.

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PKU

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PKU occurs in approx how many live births?

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1 in 10,000-20,000 live births

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Occurs most often in African Americans

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Sickle cell anemia

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Genetic disorder when the bodys red blood cells take on a hook shape instead of the normal round shape.

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Sickle cell anemia

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Sickle cell anemia occurs in approx how many live birthds?

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1 in every 400 births for African Americans and 1 in every 800 live births for latin americans

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The development takes place in the first 2 weeks after conception.

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The germinal period

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The period of development that includes the creation of the zygote, attachment to the uterine wall and the continued cell division is know as what?

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The germinal period

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Composed of cells that will eventually develop into the embryo and the trophoblast.

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Blastocyst

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The period of development that occurs 2 to 8 weeks after conception

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The embryonic period

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The embryonic mesoderm layer will become all of what?

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Circulatory system, reproductive system, and the bones

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Digestive, respiratory system

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Endoderm

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Nervous system, sense, skin

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Ectoderm

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1st protective A group of tissue in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine but do not connect is the what?

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Placenta

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2nd protective Provides oxygen and nutrition

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Umbililical cord

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3rd protective protects the fetus from jolts and temperature

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Amnion

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When do the most important developments occur?

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Within the first 8 weeks after conception.

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When does the fetal period begin?

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2 months after conception and lasts until birth

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How much does the fetus weigh by the end of the 4th month?

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4 to 7 ounces

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What happens at the end of the 4th month?

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Kicking movements

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What happens at the end of the 5th month?

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toenails and fingernails

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What happens at the end of the 6th month

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eyelids are formed, reflexes occur

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What does the average baby weigh at birth, and how long is the baby.

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7 1/2 pounds and approx. 20 inches long

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Teratogen comes from the greek word what?

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"Tera" which means "monster"

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What are some teratogens?

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Drugs, diseases, and environmental pollutants

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What influence the severity of damage a teratogen can do to an unborn child?

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Amount of exposure, time of exposure, and genetic susceptibility

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In 1961, a rash of deformed babies were born because of the use of a popular tranquilizer called what?

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Thalidomide

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The incidence with thaliamide made the medical community see what?

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The mother does not have to be a chronic drug user for birth defects to occur

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What does caffeine consumption do to a baby?

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A low-birth weight baby, spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery

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Drug tha tacts on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.

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Psychoactive drugs

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What would a moderate drinker have?

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Preterm birth

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Smoking risks in pregnancy?

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Sudden infant death syndrome, respiratory problems and low birth weight.

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What is likely to occur in the from smoke?

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ADHD

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Stacie and her fetus are RH incompatible. This means what?

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Stacie may produce antibodies that will attack the fetus

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Carol found to be RH incompatible with her first child, so to prevents the body from producing antibodies that will attack any future baby RH-incompatible fetuses, what does her doctor give her?

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RHogam

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What examples of prenatal tests?

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Amniocentesis, Ultrasound, and Triple screen

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What isgenerally performed between weeks 12 and 16 of pregnancy?

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Amniocentesis

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What are causes of infertility in females?>

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Abnormal ovam, block fallopion tube, and diesease

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How long should they wait before they suspect intertility?

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12 months of unprotected sex

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Research by Bracken and other (1990) showed a relationship between what?

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Cocaine and infertility; lowered sperm count in men

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Claudia and Mike are considering ingertility treatment, which treatment would allow them to have the best chance of conceiving?

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In vitro fertilization

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what is the social and legal process by which a paren- child relationshpi is established?

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Adoption

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About 1/3 of all children who are born through the birth canal of a mother with active genital herpes do what?

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die

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What must a pregnant with HIv take to prevent the baby from having HIV?

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AZT

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What are the two afes of the mother in which there is more danger to the fetus?

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15 and 36 years

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In which of the following age groups are woman the least likely to obtain prenatal care?

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adolescence

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Sergio was born underweight. The best explanation for this is that?

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His father smoked cigarettes

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One of the possible deformities that are influenced by a fathers age at conception is what?

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Marfan syndrome

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Child birth occurs in three stages. What is the first stage

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The beggining of contractions

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The second stage of child birth is?

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Emergence of the child's head/delivery of the child out of the mother.

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The third stage of child birth is?

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Expulsion of the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes.

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Numbs the entire lower area of the body during labor.

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Epidural

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Malarie was born 32nd week of pregnancy

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Preterm baby

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A method used to assess the health of a new born

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Agar scale

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On the Agar Scale, a scale of 3 would indicate what?

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Signal an emergency because the baby's survival is in doubt

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What is being checked on the baby when being born?

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Heart rate, respiratory effort, and muscle tone

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The Agar scale uses which of the following measure

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New born's heart rate.

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Rates 27 catagories

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Brazelton Neonatal Assesment scale. Cuddliness, pinprick

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Some health professionals refer to the post partum period as the what?

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4th trimester

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The process by which the uterus returns to it's pre pregnant size 5 to 6 weeks after birth is what?

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Involution

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worries alot, not being able to sleep

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Post partum derpression

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A mother who decides against a rooming arrangement can be pretty sure tha ther infant will what?

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Not be underattached

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What are 3 life support systems for the babies?

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Embryonic Placenta, umbilical cord, and amnion

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Name 5 teratogens.

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Nicotine, Alcohol, heroin, toxins, cocaine, and marijuana

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Name 3 sexually transmittted dieseases.

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Aids, syphillis, and herpes