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180 Cards in this Set
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behavior that promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat |
Adaptive Behavior |
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author and date for adaptive behavior |
Johnson and Losos, 2010 |
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Individuals of a species that are best adopted are the ones that survive and reproduce |
natural selection |
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emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior |
evolutionary psychology |
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refers to the ability to bear offspring that survive long enough to bear offspring of their own |
fit |
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natural selection favors behaviors that ________ reproductive success, the ability to ______ your genes to the next generation |
increase ; pass |
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especially influential in stimulating new interest in how evolution can explain human behavior |
David Buss |
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shapes our physical features such as body shape and height |
evolution |
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evolved because humans require time to develop a large brain and learn the complexity of human societies |
extended childhood period |
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domain specific |
psychological mechanisms |
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example of psychological mechanisms |
information processing |
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not always adaptive in contemporary society |
evolved mechanics |
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author - the benefits conferred by evolutionary selection decrease with age |
paul baltes (2003) |
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selection primarily operates during the ________ ________ of life |
first half |
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who weaken biologically |
older adults |
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acknowledges the important influence of evolution on human adaptation |
Albert Bandura (1998) |
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environmental and biolofical conditions influence each other |
bidirectional view |
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who concluded, in most domains of human functioning, biology allows a broad range of cultural possibilities |
Steven Jay Gould (1981) |
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Threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
chromosomes |
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how many pairs of chromosome in a human being |
23 |
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complex molecule with a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase and contains genetic information |
DNA |
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the units of hereditary information are short segments of DNA. they direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins |
Genes |
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building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes |
proteins |
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number of human genes is approximately |
20500 |
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process when chromosomes duplicates itself and cell divides, yields 2 new cells each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes |
mitosis |
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cells that undergo mitosis |
body cells |
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product/yield in mitosis |
2 identical cells containing the same 23 pairs of chromosome |
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process in which the cell of the testes or ovaries duplicates its chromosomes but then divides twice, thus forming four cells, each of which has only half of the genetic material of the parent cell |
meiosis |
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product/yield of meiosis |
4 daughter cells, each has 23 unpaired chromosomes |
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process when an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote |
fertilization |
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when an egg and sperm combines to form on set of 23 paired chromosomes - one chromosome of each pair from the mother's egg and the other from the father's sperm |
zygote |
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also called monozygotic twins |
identical twins |
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develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas, each of which becomes a person (normally same gender) |
identical twins |
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other name for fraternal twins |
dizygotic twins |
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develop from separate eggs and separate sperm, making them genetically no similar than ordinary siblings |
fraternal twins |
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a permanently altered segment of DNA, a mistake by cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation |
mutated gene |
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made up of all of a person's genetic material |
genotype |
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consists of observable characteristics including physical and psychological characteristics |
phenotype |
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principle in which some genes are always exterting its effects (dominant), and some exerts its influence only if the two genes of a pair are both recessive |
dominant-recessive genes principles |
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when mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome |
X-linked inheritance |
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Sex chromosome genetic code for women |
XX |
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Sex chromosome genetic code for male |
XY |
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who have X-linked diseases the most? |
males |
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Females are usually the what in X-linked diseases |
carriers |
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occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects, depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene |
genetic imprinting |
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most are determined by the interaction of many different genes |
polygenic inheritance |
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used to describe studies that focus on the interdependence of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development |
gene-gene interaction |
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when the gamete is formed but does not have the normal 23 set of chromosomes |
chromosomal abnormalities |
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physical characteristics of someone with down syndrome |
round face, flattende skull, extra fold of skin over eyelid, protruding tongue, short limbs, and retardation of motor and mental skills |
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also known as down syndrome |
trisomy 21 |
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abnormalities in chromosome when someone has down syndrome |
extra copy of chromosome 21 |
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age of mother when child will have an increase chance of being born with down syndrome |
35 and above |
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race which are rarely seen to be born with down syndrome |
african american |
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genetic disorder in which males have an extra x chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY |
Klinefelter syndrome |
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undeveloped testes and they usually have enlarged breast and become tall |
klinefelter syndrome |
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result from an abnormality in the x chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks |
fragile x syndrome |
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outcome of fragile x syndrome |
mental deficiency (mental retardation, or short attention span) |
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chromosomal disorder in females |
turner syndrome |
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chromosomal disorder in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person X0 instead of XX, or part of the X chromosome is deleted |
Turner syndrome |
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Chromosomal disorder in which the male has an extra Y chromosme |
XYY syndrome |
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researchers subsequently found that XYY males are no more likely to commit crimes that are XY males |
XYY syndrome |
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number of genetic disorders |
7000 |
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genetic disorder in which the individual cannot properyl metabolize |
phenylketonuria |
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heredity-environment interaction, occurs primarily in whites, treated, excess phenylalanine builds up in the child, producing mental retardation and hyperactivtiy |
phenylketonuria |
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genetic disorder that impairs the body's red blood cells |
sickle cell anemia |
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recessive gene causes the red blood cell to become a hook-shaped that cannot carry oxygen properly and dies quickly |
sicke cell anemia |
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prolonged bleeding or oozing following an injury, surgery, or having a tooth pulled |
hemophilia |
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also known as classic hemophilia or Factor VIII deficiency |
hemophilia A |
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hemophilia B is also known as what |
christmas disease or factor IX deficiency |
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most common type of hemophilia |
Hemophilia A |
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rare inherited disorder that progressively destroys the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord |
tay sach's disease |
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infants with this disorder typically appear normal until the age of 3-6 months |
tay sach's disease |
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tay sach's disease mutates what gene |
HEXA |
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is an autosomal recessive pattern disease |
tay sach's disease |
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affected infants lose motor skills such as turning over, sitting, and crawling. Tthey also develop an exaggerated starte reaction to loud noises |
tay sach's disease |
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prenatal medical procedure inw hich high-frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman's abdomen |
ultrasound |
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uses a powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailes images of the body's organs and structures |
magnetic resonance imaging |
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prenatal medical procedures in which a small sample of the placenta is removed |
chronic villus sampling (CVS) |
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when is chronic villus sampling done |
10th - 12th weeks of pregnancy |
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prenatal procedure in which a sample of the amniotic fluid is withdrawn by a syringe and is tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders |
amniocentesis |
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idtefities pregnancies that have elevated risk for birth defects |
maternal blood screening |
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mainly focused on the isolation and examination of fetal cells circulating in the mother's blood and analysis of cell-free fetal dna in maternal plasma |
noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) |
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defines as the inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception |
infertility |
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eggs and sperm are combined in a laboraatory with 30% success rate |
in vitro fertilization (IVF) |
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social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between person's unrelated at birth |
adoption |
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the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development |
behavior genetics |
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the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins |
twin study |
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investigators seek to discove whether the behavior and psychological characteristics of adopted children are more like those of their adoptive parents or more of their biological parent |
adoption study |
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individual's genes may influence the type of environments to which they are exposed |
hereditary environment correlations |
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3 ways that heredity and environement are correlated according to Sandra Scarr (1993) |
1. passive genotype-environment 2. evocative genotype-environment 3. active (niche-picking) genotype-environment |
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this correlation occur because biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child |
passive geno-type environment |
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this correlation occur because a child's characteristic elicit certain type of environment |
evocative geno-type environment |
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this correlation occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating |
active (niche-picking) genotype-environment |
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refers to finding a setting that is suited to one's abilities |
niche-picking |
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found that shared environment accounts for little of the variation in children's personality or interest |
robert plomin (2004) |
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emphasizes the epigenetic view, which states that development is the result of an ongoing bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment |
gilber gottlieb (2007) |
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interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment |
gene x environment (GxE interaction) |
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happy hormone |
serotonin |
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begins with fertilization and ends with birth, lasting between 266 and 280 day (38-40 weeks) on average |
prenatal development |
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the period in which takes place in the first 2 weeks after conception. it includes the creation of the fertilized egg (zygote) |
germinal period |
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inner layer of cells that develops in the germinal period as well and cells provide nutrition and support for the embryo |
blastocyst |
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outer layer of the cell that develops in the germinal period, provide nutrition and support for the embryo |
trophoblast |
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attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall takes place about ____ days after conception |
11-15 |
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period of pernatal dev which occurs 2-8 weeks after conception |
embryonic period |
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during this period, the rate of cell dirrentiation intesifies, support system for the cells form, and organs may appear |
Embryonic period |
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3 layers of embryo germ cells |
endoderm (develops into digestive and respiratory) mesoderm (develops into musculoskeletal, excretory, and reproductive system) ectoderm (develops into nervous system and skin parts) |
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life support system of embryo |
amnion umbilical cord placenta |
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a bag that contains clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats |
amnion |
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containing 2 arteries and 1 vein that connects the baby to the placenta |
umbilical cord |
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consist of a dsik-shaped group of tissues in which a small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine |
placenta |
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organ formation that takes place during the first 2 months of prenatal development |
organogenesis |
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neural tube eventually becomes the spinal cord forms |
3rd week after conception |
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eyes begin to appear |
21 days |
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cells for the heart begin to differentiate |
24 days |
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heartbeat is heard from the ultrasound |
5-6 weeks |
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urogenital system becomes apparent, and arm and leg buds emerge, four chamber of the heart takes shape |
4th week |
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arms and legs differentiate further |
5th to 8th week |
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developing organism weighs about 1/30 ounce and is just over 1 inch long |
8 weeks |
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lasting about seven months, is the prenatal period between two months after conception and birth in typical pregnancies |
fetal period |
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first trimester |
first 3.5 months |
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second trimester |
3.5 - 7 months |
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third trimester |
7-10 months |
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time when it is a fetus |
12 weeks |
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at birth, infants' brains weigh approximately ____ of what tehy will when adulthood is reached |
25% |
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basic architecture of the human brain is assembled during the |
first two trimester |
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are characterized by connectivity and functioning of neurons |
third trimester and first 2 years of postnatal life |
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forms at bout 18-24 days after conception |
neural tube |
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massive proliferation of new immature neurons begins to take place about the fifth prenatal week and continues throughout the remainder of the prenatal period |
neurogenesis |
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involves cells moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations and creating the different levels, structures, and regions of the brain |
neuronal migration |
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any agent that can potentially cause birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes |
teratogen |
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field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects |
teratology |
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greek word tera means |
monster |
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some exposure to teratogens do not cause physical birth defects but can alter the developing brain and influence cognitive and behavioral functioning |
behavioral teratology |
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factors of teratogen that influences severity of damage and type of deffect |
dose genetic susceptibility time of exposure |
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antibiotics, such as streptomycin; some antidepressants; certain hormones, like progestin and synthetic estrogen; and accutane |
prescription drugs |
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diet pills and high dosages of aspirin |
nonprescription drugs |
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drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perception, and change moods |
psychoactive drugs |
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cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavilty during pregnancy |
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FAD) |
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identified as a risk factor for the development of attention deficit hyperactivity, preterm births and low birth weights, fetal and neonatal deaths, sudden infant death syndrome |
nicotine |
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also known as crib death |
suddent infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
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associated with reduce birth weight, length and head circumference |
cocaine |
cocaine |
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babies are at risk for a number of problems, including high infant mortality, low birth weigh, and developmental behavioral problems |
methamphetamine |
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related to lower intelligence in children |
marijuana |
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difficulties include withdrawal symptoms, such as tremors, irritability, abdnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor control |
heroin |
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when blood type of baby is incompatible with blood type of mother |
incompatible blood types |
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vaccine given to the mother to prevent her body from making antibodies that attack the fetus when they have incompatible blood type |
RhoGAM |
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x-ray radiation, dangerous pollutants, deep sea fishes |
environmental hazards |
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FAD (fetal alcohol spectrum disorders) |
Nicotine cocaine methamphetamine marijuana heroin incompatible blood type environmental hazards |
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Maternal disease that is a viral infection |
rubella (german measles) |
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maternal disease that is a STI (sexually transmitted infection), and is more damaging later in prenatal development |
syphilis |
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maternal disease that is an STI (sexually transmitted infection), about 1/3 of babies delivered through an infected canal die, 1/4 have brain damage |
genital herpes |
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HIV/AIDs can infect infant through this 3 ways |
during gestation across the placenta during delivery, through contact with maternal fluids pospartum through breastfeeding |
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other parental factors |
1. maternal diet and nutrition 2. maternal age 3. emotional states and stress 4. paternal factors 5. paternal care |
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stages of birth |
first stage second stage third stage or afterbirth |
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longest of the 3 stages of birth |
first stage |
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uterine contractions are 15-20 minutes apart at the beginning and last up to a minute |
first stage |
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dilate cervix to an opening of about 10 cm or 4 inches, lasts an average of 6-12 hours |
first stage |
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begins when the baby's head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal; ends when baby completely emerges from the mother's body |
second stage |
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stage of birth that lasts for 45 minutes to an hour |
second stage |
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placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled, lasts only minutes, and is the shortest of the 3 stages |
third stage or afterbirth |
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2 childbirth setting and attendants |
midwives and doulas |
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a woman who helps |
doulas |
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methods of childbirth |
1. medication 2. natural childbirth |
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baby's position in the uterus that causes the buttocks to be the first part to emerge |
breech position |
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baby is removed from the uterus through an incision made in her abdomen |
cesarean delivery |
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widely used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth |
apgar scale |
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performed within 24 to 36 hours after birth and is used as a sensitive index of neurolofical competence up to one month after birth |
Brazelton Neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS) |
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assesses the newborn's neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects |
Brazelton Neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS) |
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provide another assessment of the newborn's behavioral, neurolofical, and stress responses, and regulatory capacities |
neonatal intesive care unit network neurobehavioral scale |
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low birth weight infant has a weight of |
less than 5 1/2 pounds |
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very low birth weight newborns has a weight of |
under 3 1/2 pounds |
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extremely low birth weight newborns has a weight of |
under 2 pounds |
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those born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full (before 37 weeks) |
preterm infants |
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those whose birth weight is below normal when the length of the prenancy is considered |
small for date infants / small for gestational age infants |
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those born less than 28 weeks preterm |
extremely preterm infants |
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are those born less than 33 weeks of gestational age |
very preterm infants |
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involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby is held upright against the parent's bare chest |
kangaroo care |
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period after childbirth that lasts for about 6 weeks ; period where body is adjusting back to its pre-pregnant state |
postpartum period |
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major depressive episode that typically occurs about 4 weeks fter delivery |
postpartum depression |
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the formation of connection especially a physical bond between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth |
bonding |
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