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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is more susceptible to intellectual disability, boys or girls? |
Boys 1.5 to 1 |
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What genetic disorders commonly cause ID? |
Klinefelters Prader-willi/Angelman Fragile X Down syndrome Williams Syndrome |
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What are common acquired causes of ID? |
TBI Infections PREMATURITY Exposure to drugs and ETOH Stroke |
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What is the most common genetic cause of ID? |
Down syndrome |
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What is the most common inherited genetic cause of ID? |
Fragile X |
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What is the third most common cause of ID? |
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
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What is a common behavioral intervention to treat behavioral problems in ID? |
Applied behavioral analysis |
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What is the most commonly impaired academic task in ID? |
Reading comprehension or any NON-ROTE tasks |
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What is the course of ID in down's syndrome? |
Progressive with age, and at a more rapid rate (partially due to AD pathology). |
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What percentage of people with a reading disorder also have a math disorder? |
56% |
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What are the two single deficits of the "double deficit" model? |
Rapid naming speed Phonological awareness (The combination of these two have a synergistic effect) |
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What is another common language impairment in patient's with dyslexia? |
Poor oral language skills |
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What are the four skills fundamental to the acquisition of reading? |
Phonological awareness Decoding Sight Reading Prediction |
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What deficits are related to poor reading comprehension? |
Basic word recognition Broad oral language skills Executive functions |
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What percentage of dyslexias are Late Emerging? |
40% |
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What are the areas of neuropsychological impairment in Reading Disorders? |
1. Phonological awareness 2. Rapid naming 3. General knowledge and Vocab 4. Auditory verbal span 5. Executive functioning related to comprehension 6. Processing speed 7. Confrontation naming 8. Verbal fluency |
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What four skills are impaired in Mathematics Disorder? |
1. Number sense 2. Memorization of math facts 3. Accurate and fluent calculations 4. Math reasoning |
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What are the three subtypes of math disorder? |
1. Semantic memory 2. Procedural errors 3. Visuospatial |
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What are the neural differences between kids and adults on math tasks? |
Kids rely more on the prefrotnal cortex and areas related to attention and working memory. Adults tend to use left posterior parietal cortex for math |
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What percent of 8th graders are math disordered? |
25% |
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What are comorbid impairments in Math Disorders? |
1. Phonological awareness 2. Poor working memory and processing speed 3. Visuospatial skills 4. Executive/Inattention problems |
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What 9 neurodevelopmental or genetic disorders are associated with Math Disorder? |
1. Prematurity 2. Fragile X syndrome 3. Turner syndrome 4. Neurofibromatosis type 1 5. Congenital hydrocephalus 6. Spina bifida (NOT OCCULTA) 7. 22q deletion syndromes 8. Williams syndrome 9. Congenital hydrocephalus |
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What are the 3 impairments in disorders of written expression? |
1. Spelling accuracy 2. Grammar and punctuation accuracy 3. Clarity and organization of writing |
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Who is more likely to have writing problems, boys or girls? |
Boys 2.5 time more likely |
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What is dysgraphia? |
Problems with orthographic coding |
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What is the best predictor of writing performance in school? |
WRITING FLUENCY not writing samples |
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What are the key deficits in DYSLEXIA? |
1. Phonological awareness 2. Spelling 3. Decoding 4. Word reading |
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What model of reading disability assessment is the most valid way to diagnose reading disability, and which ones does it beat out? |
The low achievement model it beats RTI, intraindividual differences, and Discrepency models |
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What are the 4 Key areas to assess in written expression disorder? |
1. Handwriting speed 2. Handwriting quality/clarity 3. Spelling 4. Vocabulary |
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What is the age of gestation demarcating prematurity? |
37 weeks |
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What is the cutoff for low birthweight? |
2500g (5lbs. 8 oz.) |
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What are risk factors for prematurity? |
1. Prior preterm births 2. Multiple births 3. Mothers younger than 16 and older than 35 4. Maternal substance use 5. The unholy triad of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Obesity 6. Low SES 7. Lack of prenatal care 8. Black ethnicity |
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What are the 5 common neurological complications of prematurity? |
1. Intraventricular Hemorrhage 2. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (affecting white matter) 3. Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction 4. Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) 5. Reduce gray and white matter volume (with ventricular dilation) |
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What is the most common cause of prematurity? |
Multiple birth pregnancy |
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Are boys at greater risk for poor outcomes in prematurity? |
Yes. Boys just get hosed on all things with prematurity, learning disorders, and ID. |
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When to most IVH occur in prematurity? |
50% Within 6-8 hours of life
95% in first 4-5 days |
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What is cranial ultrasound sensitive/unsensitive to in preterm imaging?
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Sensitive to IVH Not sensitive to PVL |
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What are the neuropsychological findings in prematurity? |
1. FSIQ is average but below peers (mildly depressed) 2. Math disorders and Writing disorders 3. Sustained and shifting attention (increased ADHD rates) 4. Higher order language problems but normal crystallized language 5. VISUOSPATIAL DEFICITS 6. Slow acquisition of memory (related to smaller hippocampi) 7. Problems with Planning, set-shifting, etc. 8. SENSORIMOTOR PROBLEMS including cerebral palsy 9. Increased depression and anxiety |
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Until what age are corrections made on standardized testing for prematurity? |
2 years |
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What is the Geschwind-Galaburda theory? |
The idea that testosterone in the brain results in cognitive differences between men and women, particularly that the left hemisphere matures later than the right in males. |
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Which hemisphere has more gray matter, and which has more white matter? |
Right hemisphere has more white matter, relative to gray. |
