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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sahelanthropus Tchadensis
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- Oldest bidpedal species
- 6-7 million years ago - Brain size of 350 cc |
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Orrorin Tugenensis (Millennium Man)
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- 6 million years ago
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Ardipithecus Kadabba
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- 5.6 to 5.8 m.y.a
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Ardipithecus Ramidus
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- 4.4 to 5.8 mya
- fossils indicate that it may have been a forest dweller |
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Australopithecus Anamensis
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- 3.9 to 4.2 mya
- Partial tibia (larger of the two leg bones) suggests it was bipedal - Lower humerus (the upper arm bone) is extremely humanlike |
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Australopithecus Afarensis (Lucy)
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- 3 to 3.9 mya
- apelike face with a low forehead, bony ridge over eyes, flat nose, no chin, protruding jaw, large molars associated with coarse, gritty, fibrous diet on grasslands - cranial capacity 375 to 550 cc - skull is similar to chimpanzee except for humanlike teeth - pelvis and leg bones closely resemble modern humans - hands are curved and longer proportionally to human hands, but overall pretty similar |
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Australopithecus Bahrelghazali
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- 3 to 3.5 mya
- modern chin with similar teeth and jaw to Australopithecus Afarensis - IMPORTANT: found in Chad, Africa, an area where virtually no hominid fossils have been found |
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Kenyanthropus Platyops
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- 3.5 mya
- "flat faced man of Kenya" - some suggest that this fossil is so severely distorted that is cannot reliably be identified, and that it may merely be a Kenyan version of Australopithecus Afarensis |
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Australopithecus Africanus
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- 2 to 3 mya
- Similar to Australopithecus Afarensis, but body size was slightly larger - 420 and 500 cc - described as "gracile," meaning fossils are less robust than other Australopithecines |
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Australopithecus Garhi
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- 2.5 mya
- may be the oldest toolmaker (found butchered animal bounds with it) **however, no tools were actually found with the bones |
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Australopithecus Aethiopicus (Paranthropus)
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- 2.2 to 2.6 mya
- Large teeth and jaw, with small brain |
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Australopithecus Robustus (Paranthropus)
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- 1 to 2.2 mya
- Large teeth and jaw, with small brain - Went extinct due to it's lack of adaptation abilities (seemed like its diet consisted of grubs and plants) whereas homo erectus was very adaptable |
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Australopithecus Boisei (Paranthropus)
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- 1.2 to 2.2 mya
- Large teeth and jaw, with small brain - Went extinct due to it's lack of adaptation abilities (seemed like its diet consisted of grubs and plants) whereas homo erectus was very adaptable |
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Homo Habilis
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- 1.8 to 2_ mya
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Homo Rudolfensis
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- 1.8 to 2.4 mya
- given own species name due to fact that skull has less pronounced brow ridge, and a longer, flatter face - some think it was ancestral to Homo Habilis, some believe the two coexisted, some believe the two are the same |
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Homo Erectus
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- 1.8 mya to 300,000 B.P.
- associated with dramatic change in adaptive strategy--new cultural and innovative adaptions - first hominid to leave Africa -"modern" skeleton--larger and longer legged than H. Habilis - Cranial capacity of 1000 cc |
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Homo Ergaster
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- Intermediate between Homo Habilis and Homo Erectus
- Turkana Boy in Africa is one of the best finds - Some refer to it as early Homo Erectus - footprints were found at sites |
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Homo Heidelbergensis
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- 500,000 BP
- Some of earliest heidelbergensis are classified as late transitional Homo Erectus - some classify later Homo heidelbergensis as archaic or premodern Homo Sapiens |
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Homo Antecessor (Pioneer Man)
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- Recently found 1.3 million year old jaw bone
- suggests Europe occupied much earlier than ever imagined |
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Homo Cepranensis
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- 800,000 to 780,000 B.P.
- Ceprano, Italy |
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Homo Floresiensis
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- 18,000 B.P.
- 1m in height - Cranial Cavity of 380 cc - possibly dwarfed descendant of Homo Erectus from Java -The lunate sulcus--a deep groove found in primate and human brains is found in a more posterior positions (like humans) - in apes, the lunate sulcus is closer to the front of the skull |
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Premodern/archaic Homo Sapiens
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- 400,000 B.P.
- adapted to environmental diversity with two glacial periods (Mindel glacial and the Riss glacial) and an interglacial - Includes Neanderthals (130,000 to 30,000 B.P.)-->adapted to extreme environmental conditions |
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Prognathism
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- Lower portion of face is protruding out
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Movius Line
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- Theoretical line drawn across northern India
- demonstrates a technological difference between the early prehistoric tool technologies of the east and west of the Old World |
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Sagital Crest
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- where the muscles for chewing would have attached on earlier hominids
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Micromorphology
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- The study of soils and sediments
- How fire was debunked at Zhoukoudian, China |
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Competitive Exclusion
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two species competing for the same resources leads to the extinction of one of the species
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Miocene Epoch
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- 23 to 5 mya
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Pliocene Epoch
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- 5 to 2 mya
- followed the Miocene Epoch |
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Pleistocene Epoch
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- 2 mya to 10,000 B.P.
- ice age and consistent glacial cycles |
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Holocene Epoch
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- 10,000 ya to the present
- the transition out of the Ice Age |
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Bipedalism
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- began largely as a result of environmental changes, specifically the growing incidence of open spaces
- periods of cooling and drying thinned out the dense forest and most likely produced a mosaic of forests, woodlands, and grasslands - Brian Richmond proposed that the process of increasing the number of bipeds probably involved an extended and complex opening of habitats, rather than a single, abrupt transition from dense forest to open savanna |
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Earliest Wooden Tools
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- Associated with Premodern or Homo Erectus
- found in Germany 400,000 y.a. in Germany - evidence: found with mashed animal bones |
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La Chapelle-aux-Saints
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- where the arthritic Neanderthal skeleton was found
- led to a number of misconceptions about Neanderthals |
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Mousterian Hand Axe
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Neanderthals
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Torralba and Ambrona
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- Point to Homo Erectus being first known hunters
- the remains of many prehistoric animals were found here, thought to represent at least 10 different Homo Erectus hunts |
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Olorgesailie, Kenya
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- point to homo Erectus being first hunters
- remains of animals found here indicating a hunt |
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First to bury their dead and use of adornment
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Neanderthals
- backed up by grave burials with grave goods (***Shandihar Cave*** is the flower burial) - **carved ivory bracelets, figurines (check) |
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Acheulian hand axe
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Homo Erectus
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Lavawa
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Premoderns
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Oldowan Flake Tool
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Homo Habilis
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Mossel Bay, South Africa
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- 164,000 y.a.
- first found clam bake |
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Aurignacian Tradition
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- consisted of a specific set of tools that included retouched blades, engraving tools called "burins," and stone scraper between 34,000 and 27,000 BP
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Mousterian Tradition
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Neanderthal tools
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Tayacian Tradition
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before both Aurignacian and Mousterian
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Petroglyph
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"rock writing"
- An organic deposit that could only have gotten in when the groove was made |
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Piltdown Man
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- Found by Charles Dawson in 1912
- Piltdown fossils found with animal bones - modern dating techniques found the skull to be a modern human's no older than 50,000 years old and jaw was from a modern orangutan |
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Rift Valley
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- Early hominid fossils found here
- valleys are formed by tectonic plate movement |
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Lascaux Cave
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- cave paintings and detailed animal representations found from Upper Paleolithic
- human figures were mostly male, and very stick figure like - implications? |
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Dolni Vestonice
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- skull stained with red ochre demonstrates the shift in the archaeological record pointing to status in society
- mammoth ivory necklace beads (time consuming to make) were found in great number - **one of the oldest depictions of a woman found here (Venus figurine) |
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Lucy's footprints
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- found in Tanzania
- Same species as Australopithecus Afarensis |
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Early Premodern Homo Sapiens
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- 450,000 to 400,000 B.P.
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Denisovans
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- remains of a finger discovered in Denisova Cave in mountains of southern Siberia belong to a previously unknown human ancestor
- genetic tests found it did not match the DNA profile of Neanderthals or early modern humans even though dated between 48,000 and 30,000 y.a. |
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F. Bordes
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- 63 tool types, broke tools into 5 different groups, suggesting there were 5 different Neanderthal groups
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L. Binford
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- 63 tool types, but 5 different functional purposes instead of 5 different Neanderthal groups
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H. Dibble
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- we are obsessed with giving things names
- Neanderthals used tools for multiple purposes as a continuum (i.e. sharpen tools, therefore changing the shape of the rocks) - no different groups of tools or Neanderthals necessarily because of this |
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Turkana Boy
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- 1.6 mya
- Homo Ergaster - Turkana, Africa - despite Homo Sapien like anatomy, it may not have been capable of producing sounds similar to humans - language still more developed than non-verbal communication that chimps would use |
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Homo Erectus Sites outside of Africa
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- Dmani, Societ Republic of georgia 1.75 to 1.7 mya
- Ubeidiya, Israel, 1.4 mya - Atapuerca, Spain 1.3 mya (Homo antecssor, Pioneer Man) - suggests Europe occupied much earlier than ever imagined - Ceprano, Italy (Homo Cepranensis, 800,000 ya) - Gran Dolina, Spain (Homo antecessor, Pioneer man 780,000 ya) - Zhoudoudian, China (largest Homo Erectus find 500,000 to 350,000 ya) - |
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Terra Amata, France
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- postholes suggest temporary structures
- one of the oldest examples of living structures - homo erectus |
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Teshik Tash
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Teshik-Tash is an archaeological site in Uzbekistan in central Asia. The site includes the remains of a Neanderthal child in association with Ibex horns, which initially were interpreted as remains of a funerary ritual.
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