Pregnancy And Human Development

Front 1

conceptus

Back 1

the pregnants woman developing offspring

Front 2

Gestation Period

Back 2

time during which development occures, from day of womans last memorable period until birth

Front 3

Embryo

Back 3

from fertilization until week 8, what the conceptus is called, the fetal period

Front 4

Fetus

Back 4

coneptus is called this from week 9 through birth

Front 5

How long is an oocyte viable for after it is cast out from the ovary?

Back 5

12-24houes

Front 6

Zygote

Back 6

a fertilized egg

Front 7

capacitated

Back 7

what must happen for a sperm to be able to penetrate an egg; over 6-8 hours, mobility is enhanced, and there membranes become fragile so that hydrolic enzymes in their acrozomes can be released

Front 8

acrosomal reaction

Back 8

involves the breakdown of the plasma membrane and the acrosomal membrane and release of acrosomal enzymes. adn the early bird catches the worm

Front 9

Polyspermy

Back 9

entry of severla sperm into an egg, occurs in some animals, but in humans only one is allowed

Front 10

monospermy

Back 10

one sperm per oocyte condition

Front 11

cortical reaction

Back 11

caused by the calcium surges, granules located just in side the plasma membrane spill their enzymes into extracellular space beneathe the zona pellucida. These enzymes are called zonal inhibiting proteins and destroy the sperm receptors, preventing further sperm entry

Front 12

After spermenters the oocyte it looses its what?

Back 12

tail

Front 13

Cleavage

Back 13

a period of fairly rapid miotic divisions of the zygote following fertilization. Cleavage produces small cells with a high surface-to-volume ratio

Front 14

How many hours after fertilization does the first cleavage division produce two identical cells called blastomeres which continue to divide?

Back 14

36 hours

Front 15

Morula

Back 15

a berry shaped cluster of 16 or more cells

Front 16

3 or 4 days after fertilization the embryo consists of what?

Back 16

about 100 cells and floats free in the uterus and compacted, and begins accumulating fluid within the internal cavity

Front 17

the blastocyst

Back 17

a fluid filled hollow sphere composed of large flattened cells called trophoblasts cells and a small cluster of 20-30 cells called inner cell mass, also take part in placenta formation

Front 18

The inner cell mass becomes what?

Back 18

embryonic disc, which forms the embryo proper

Front 19

Implantation

Back 19

occures 6 to 7 days after ovulation. the window of implantation opened by surging levels of ovarian hormones(estrogens and progestosterone) in the blood. If the endometrium is not properly matured, the blastocyte detaches and floats to a lower level to implant when it finds asite which proper chemical receptors.

Front 20

cytotrophoblasts/cellular trophoblast

Back 20

formed by the trophoblasts, retain their cell boundaries; the cells inthe outer layer loose their membranes and form the SYNCTIOTROPHOBLAST, which rapidly digests the uterine cells.

Front 21

How long does implantation usually take?

Back 21

about 5 days and is usually completed by the 12th day

Front 22

Viability of the corpus luteum is maintaned by?

Back 22

hCG human chrionic gonadotropin, secreted by trophoblast cells, detectable one week after fertilization in the blood.

Front 23

Placentation

Back 23

formation of the placenta

Front 24

What forms the placenta

Back 24

the decidua and capsularis

Front 25

The three embryonic membranes that form during the first two or three weeks of development

Back 25

amnion, yolk sac, allantois, and chorion

Front 26

amnion

Back 26

cells of epiblast hashion themselves to form a transparent membrous sac, which becomes filled with amniotic fluid, which provides a boyant environment to protect the embryo

Front 27

The yolk sac

Back 27

forms from cells of the primative gut, that hangs from the embryo. the amonium and yolk sac resemble two balloons (1) forms part of the gut(2)produces the earliest blood cells and blood vessels

Front 28

the allantois

Back 28

forms as a small outpocketing of embryonic tissue, at the end of the yolk sac. (1) disposal site for metabolic waste(2) structural site for emylico cord

Front 29

During week three what happens?

Back 29

the two layered embryonic disc becomes a three layered embryo, which primary germ layers: (1) ectoderm(2)mesoderm(3)endoderm. Begins with the primative streak

Front 30

endoderm

Back 30

the first cells to enter the groove and displace the hyoblast cells and the yolk sac

Front 31

what follows the endoderm

Back 31

the mesoderm, which forms everything else

Front 32

the sells that remain on the embryo's dorsal surface

Back 32

ectoderm, nervous system and skin

Front 33

the first axial support of the embryo

Back 33

the notochord

Front 34

mesenchyme

Back 34

any embryonic tissue with star shaped cells that are free to migrate widely within the embryo

Front 35

neurulation

Back 35

first major event of organogenesis; the first differentation of ectoderm; produces brain and spinal cord, stimulated by the notchcord

Front 36

primative gut

Back 36

forms epethelial lining og the GI tract

Front 37

First evidence of mesodermic differentation

Back 37

the appearance of the notchcord, which is eventually replaced by the vertebral column

Front 38

somosites

Back 38

paired mesodermal blocks that hug the notchcord, all 40 pair are present by week 4.

Front 39

somite: sclerotome

Back 39

hard peice, produce vertebra and rib

Front 40

somite:dermatome

Back 40

forms the outer wall of each somite, and plays a part in forming the dermis of the skin

Front 41

somite: myotome

Back 41

"muscle peice" somite cells that remain behind and develop in comjunction with the vertebrea, form the skelital muscles of the neck, body trunk, and limb buds

Front 42

What forms the kidneys and gonads

Back 42

cells of the intermediate mesoderm

Front 43

the lateral mesoderm

Back 43

consists of paired mesodermal plates: somatic mesoderm: help to form the dermis in the ventral body region: forms practicle serosa. Splanchnic mesoderm: mesenchymal cells that form the heart and blood vessels

Front 44

When do the first bloood cells appear in the yolk sac

Back 44

before week 3, in the splanchnic mesoderm, by the end of week 3 the embryo has a system of paired blood vessels and two vessels forming the heart

Front 45

When does the hearrt start pumping?

Back 45

3 & 1/2

Front 46

most blood from the umbilical vein enters the

Back 46

ductus venosus

Front 47

Teratogens

Back 47

factors that may cause severe congenital abnormalities; alcohol, nicottine, drugs FAS

Front 48

Thalidomide

Back 48

was given to 1000s of pregnant women in the 1960s to alleviate morning sicknesss, resulted in flipper like legs and arms

Front 49

PG1132

Back 49

look at it

Front 50

Fetal Period

Back 50

weeks 9-38

Front 51

Chadwicks sighn

Back 51

vagina develops a purpleish hugh

Front 52

chloasma

Back 52

increased pigmentation of the face "mask of pregnancy"

Front 53

How many additional callories are enccessary for proper fetal growth

Back 53

300

Front 54

What is the longest part of labor?

Back 54

The dialation stage

Front 55

Breech

Back 55

buttox first

Front 56

distocia

Back 56

difficult to birth

Front 57

neonatl period

Back 57

4 week period directly after birth

Front 58

Apgar score

Back 58

assessment at 1 and 5 minutes after birth 8-10 healthy baby