Prefrontal Cortex

Front 1

what connects the amygdada and temporal lobes to the prefrontal cortex?

Back 1

uncinate fasciculus

Front 2

what connects the the hippocampal formation to the prefrontal cortex?

Back 2

cingulate gyrus

Front 3

what is the primary thalmic input to the prefrontal cortex?

Back 3

the MD nucleus with contributions from the pulvinar and intralaminar nuclei

Front 4

What does the uncinate fasiculus do?

Back 4

connects the amygdala and temporal lobe to the prefrontal cortex

Front 5

how does the prefrontal cortex project to the basal ganglia?

Back 5

via the head of caudate

Front 6

whats the difference in connections between the uncinate fasciculus and the cingulate gyrus?

Back 6

the uncinate fasciculus connects the prefrontal cortex to the temporal lobe and the amygdala.. the cingulate gyrus connects the prefrontal cortex to the hippocampus

Front 7

what are the subcortical connections of the prefrontal cortex?

Back 7

hypothalamus, septal nuclei, cerebellum, and midbrain

Front 8

what projections from diffuse modulatory systems affect the prefrontal?

Back 8

Acetylcholine, serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, and dopamine

Front 9

what does the cingulate gyrus connect the prefrontal cortex to?

Back 9

the hippocampus

Front 10

what are the functionally distinct areas within prefrontal cortex that have different inputs and outputs?

Back 10

Dorsolateral which is used for planning, strategy formation, and executive functions

Orbitomedial is involved in emotional aspects of behavior

Front 11

what enables us to interact in socially appropriate and effective ways with others and our environment?

Back 11

the prefrontal cortex

Front 12

what are the 6 functions of the prefrontal cortex?

Back 12

1. Goal-oriented behaviors
2. Working memory
3. Social-emotional decision making : processing, evaluating and filtering social and emotional information
4. Restraint
5. Personality
6. Abstract reasoning

Front 13

what is a characteristic of the dorsolateral syndromes?

Back 13

Abulic. diminished spontaneity, verbal output, motor behavior, personality changes, cant plan, working memory deficits

Front 14

What is characteristic of an orbitomedial syndrome?

Back 14

Disinhibited! stimulus-driven, diminished social insight, inappropriate hmor, confabulation, emotionally lability, Phineas Gage ex

Front 15

incontinence with a lack of concern is associated with what type of lesion?

Back 15

medial lesion, prefrontal damage

Front 16

loss of sense of smell

Back 16

anosmia

Front 17

what the fuck is anosmia?

Back 17

loss of sense of smell. it is common with prefrontal damage

Front 18

Stroop test is used to test what?

Back 18

suppression of inappropriate responses

Front 19

Grasp reflex tells you what?

Back 19

damage to the frontal cortex. if vascular, it will have one of the ACA's involved

Front 20

What are the psychiatric disorders that are related to imbalance in diffuse modulatory neurotransmission?

Back 20

Schizophrenia : imbalance in dopaminergic transmission in MESOCORTICAL PATHWAYS

Depression: inability to handle stress weakens prefronal cortex functions, overactivation of limbic circuits (eg Amygdala). TX: restores balance with drugs acting on SEROTONERGIC AND NORADRENERGIC SYSTEMS -->SSRI

Front 21

diffuse brain dysfunction

Back 21

encephalopathy.
acute: metabolic or toxic
Hydrocephalus
chronic: dementias, including alzheimer's

Front 22

ADHD. what are the characteristics?

Back 22

Hyperactivity, Impaired attention, impulsivity

Front 23

reduced activity in prefrontal cortex (anterior cingulate and dorsolateral PFC) and basal ganglia?

Back 23

ADHD

Front 24

T/F

Higher incidence is seen in children exposed to alcohol or tobacco in utero

Back 24

T

Front 25

When treating depression, what do the drugs that restore balance act on?

Back 25

serotonergic and noradrenergic systems. (e.g. SSRI's)

Front 26

How do you treat ADHD?

Back 26

treat with stimulants at low doeses that increase DOPAMINE and NE level in PFC

Front 27

T/F.
ADHD is 10x more likely in males than females

Back 27

F

5x more likely

Front 28

T/F

ADHD affects 1-2% of school aged children

Back 28

F

Affects 3-5% of school aged children

Front 29

T/F

Low doses of stimulants that increase dopamine and NE levels and PFC are used to treat ADHD

Back 29

True

ADHD is treated with stimulants at low doeses that increase dopamine and NE levels in PFC

Front 30

What is Lessencephaly?

Back 30

Lack of appropriate number of Gyri in the brain. "smooth brain"

Basically a lack of REELIN will cause this in humans and wont tell the climbing neurons when they have reached the appropriate layer. Also can be caused by a probelm with microtubules

Front 31

Morphology of cells is dependent on:

Back 31

1. stage of development
2. Growth factors
3. cell-cell interactions

Front 32

poor vision caused by abnormal experience-dependent development of visual system

Back 32

Ambloyopia

Front 33

what results in monocular deprivation, and reduced cortical representation that cant be corrrected with surgery after critical period?

Back 33

Cataracts

they should be treated early, ideally within first 6 weeks

Front 34

misalignment due to abnormalality in eye muscles or their control

Back 34

Strabismus

should be corrected before 10 months of age