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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are preanesthetic agents? |
pre meds given prior to general anesthesia |
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common routes for premedication |
IM SQ |
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Reasons to use premeds |
-to reduce/prevent adverse affects to anesthesia -smoother induction etc -reduce the amount of general anesthesia required -provide analgesia, muscle relaxation |
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Classifications of premeds |
Anticholinergics Tranquilizers/sedatives Narcotics/Opioids Neuroleptanalgesics General anesthesia |
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Uses for Anticholinergics |
-prevent/counteract bradycardia -reduce body secretions (drool) |
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Side Effects of Atropine |
-prevents bradycardia -reduces salivation -decreases GI activity Mydriasis -Bronchodilation Decrease tear production |
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DOA: Atropine |
1-1.5 hours |
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Routes of admin for: Atropine |
IM SQ IV IT |
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DOA |
Duration Of Action |
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how is Atropine metabolized? |
kidney excretion and the liver |
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Adverse effects of Atropine |
initial bradycardia (1st or 2nd AV block) tachycardia Colic in horses Bloat in ruminants thick mucous secretions within airways |
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DOA: Glycopyrrolate |
2-3 hours |
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difference between atropine and glycypyrrolate |
more effectively decreases secretions lower potential for arrhythmia more expensive |
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Types of Anticholinergics |
Atropine Glycopyrrolate |
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Benefits of Phenothiazines |
not controlled-less paperwork WIDE MARGIN OF SAFETY multiple routes used in a wide variety of species can be combined with other drugs |
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Side Effects: Acepromazine |
-sedation -antiarrhythmic -antiemetic -antihistamine -raising of the nictitating membrane |
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DOA: Acepromazine |
4-8 hours |
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Metabolism of: Acepromazine |
liver excreted by the kidneys |
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Adverse effects of: Acepromazine |
+Vasodilation -hypotension -hypothermia -reflex tachycardia +Lowers the seizure threshold +penile prolapse in stallions decreased PCV |
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Contraindications for: Acepromazine |
-Geriatrics -Neonates -liver dz -giant breeds, boxers, greyhounds |
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decrease the dose of Acepromazine in what dog breeds? |
Collies, Aussies |
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Maximum dose of Acepromazine in Dogs |
3 mg |
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Maximum dose of Acepromazine in Cats |
1 mg |
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Types of Benzodiazepines |
Diazepam
Midazolam Zolazepam |
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Benefits of Benzos |
-minimal adverse cardiorespiratory effects -good for high risk pt. (geriatrics or debilitated) -reversible -high margin of safety |
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Side Effects of: Benzos |
tranquilization -calming, antianxiety muscle relaxation anticonvulsant |
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Contraindications for: Diazepam |
inject slowly -arrhythmias causes when fast administer IV doesnt mix with other drugs well |
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Is diazepam a controlled substance? |
it is controlled schedule 4 |
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What is the exception drug that Diazepam does mix with? |
Ketamine |
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Considerations for: Midazolam |
water soluble can be given IM or SQ can mix with other drugs |
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Which Benzo is used in commercial combination as Telazol? |
Zolazepam and tiletamine |
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Adverse Effects of: Benzodiazepines |
crosses the placental barrier lowering of inhibitions not good for young healthy pets |
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Contraindications for: Benzodiazepines |
Light sensitive Absorbs into plastic |
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DOA: Benzodiazepines |
1-4 hours |
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Metabolism: Benzodiazepines |
liver excreted through kidneys |
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Are Benzos reversible? |
Yes Flumazenil |
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Types of: Alpha-2-Agonists |
Xyalzine Dexmedetomidine Detomidine Romifidine |
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Side Effects of: Alpha-2-Agonists |
potent sedation muscle relaxation analgesia |
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Side Effects of: Opioids |
analgesia sedation excitement in cats/horses |
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Types of Opioids |
Butorphanol Hydromorphone Morphine Meperidine Fentanyl Oxymorphone |
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Neuroleptanalgesic |
combination of an Opioid and a sedative/tranquilizer |
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DOA: Opioids |
30mins-3 hrs dose dependent |
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Metabolism: Opioids |
Liver excreted by Kidneys |
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Administration of: Opioids |
generally in combo can be used alone in high risk pt IM IV Epidurally |
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Adverse Effects: Opioids |
respiratory depression panting bradycardia hypotension vomiting/diarrhea hypersalivation Dysphoria -vocalizing |
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Adverse Effects in DOGS: Opioids |
Miosis Hypothermia |
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Adverse Effects in CATS: Opioids |
Mydriasis Hyperthermia |
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Morphine |
Opioid DOA: 1-4 hours dont use in cats |
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Oxymorphone |
Opioid DOA: 1-4 hours |
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Hydromorphone |
Opioid Dilaudid DOA: 1-4hrs |
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Meperidine |
Opioid Demerol DOA: 2-4 hours good for geriatrics/debilitated mild effects |
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Fentanyl |
Opioid not a premed Transdermal application |
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Butorphanol |
Opioid Torbugesic DOA: = 1 hour can give CRI |
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Buprenorphine |
Opioid Buprenex DOA: 6-12 hours Class 5 controlled substance |
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Are Opioids reversible? |
Yes Naloxone |
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Naloxone |
Narcan a reversal agent to opioids- no agonist effect DOA: 15-45 minutes diluted with sterile h2o and given to effect to reverse adverse effects but not analgesia |
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AGONIST opioids |
Morphine Oxymorphone Hydromorphone Meperidine |
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PARTIAL Agonist/ANTagonist opioids |
Butorphanol Buprenorphine |
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ANTAGONIST opioids |
Naloxone |
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Overall goal of pre anesthetic drug use |
to produce BALANCED ANESTHESIA |
