Pre-Semester

Front 1

Anatomical Position

Back 1

The body is described as being in this position.

The body is assumed to be standing, the feet together, the arms to the side, and the head and eyes and palms of the hands facing forwards.

Front 2

Superior

Back 2

above;

toward the head or upper part of structure;

this term does not used on limbs

Front 3

Inferior

Back 3

below;

away from the head or toward the lower part of structure;

this term is not used on limbs

Front 4

Proximal

Back 4

closer to the point of attachment (of limb to trunk of body)

Front 5

Distal

Back 5

farther from the point of attachment (of limb to trunk of body)

Front 6

Superficial

Back 6

toward the body surface; more external

Front 7

Deep

Back 7

away from the body surface; more internal

Front 8

Medial

Back 8

toward the midline

Front 9

Lateral

Back 9

away from the midline

Front 10

Anterior (ventral)

Back 10

toward or at the front of the body

Front 11

Posterior (dorsal)

Back 11

toward or at the back of the body

Front 12

Coronal plane

Back 12

vertical plane that divides into anterior and posterior parts

Front 13

Transverse plane

Back 13

horizontal plane the divides into superior and inferior parts

Front 14

Sagittal plane

Back 14

vertical plane that divides into right and left parts

Front 15

Arm is between which 2 joints?

Back 15

?

Front 16

Leg (between which two joints?)

Back 16

?

Front 17

Clavicle

Back 17

AKA the collarbone.

S-shaped bone that extends between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula.

Front 18

Scapula

Back 18

The shoulder blade.

The scapula articulates with the round head of the humerous at the glenoid cavity of the scapula, the shoulder joint.

Front 19

Humerus

Back 19

Bone in upper arm.

The humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

Front 20

Ulna

Back 20

The thinner and longer of the two bones in the forearm, on the side opposite to the thumb

Front 21

Radius

Back 21

One of the two large bones of the forearm. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna, which exceeds it in length and size

Front 22

Carpal bones

Back 22

Carpal = wrist

Wrist formed by 8 bones. 2 rows with 4 proximal carpal bones, and 4 distal carpal bones.

Proximal: the scaphoid, the lunate, the triquetrum and the pisiform.

Distal: the trapezium, the trapezoid, the capitate, and the hamate

Front 23

Metacarpal bones

Back 23

5 bones that articulate with the distal carpal bones and support the palm of the hand. Expressed by roman numerals: I - V

Front 24

Phalanges (or Phalanx)

Back 24

The metacarpal bones articulate with the phalanges, or finger bones. There are 14 in each hand.

The thumb (or pollex) has 2 phalanges, and each finger has 3.

Front 25

Coxal Bone

Back 25

AKA the Hipbone (or pelvic bone)

Two hipbones make up the pelvic girdle. Hipbone is made up of 3 bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis. (these 3 meet inside the acetabular fossa)

Front 26

Illium

Back 26

The largest of the 3 bones. Provides an extensive area for the attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

Front 27

Ischium

Back 27

illium fuses with the ischium. The ischium is the strongest of the hip bones.

Front 28

Pubis

Back 28

Front 29

Femur

Back 29

the longest & heaviest bone is the body. The femur articulates with the tibia of the leg at the leg joint. The rounded head of the femur articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum.

Front 30

Patella

Back 30

AKA knee cap. It is a large sesamoid bone that forms within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris (a group of anterior thigh muscle that extends the knee). The bone strengthens the quad's tendon, protects the anterior surface of the knee joint, and increases the contraction force of the quad.

Front 31

Tibia

Back 31

The large medial bone of the leg. The medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the end of the tibia.

The intercondylar eminence separates the 2. ^

Front 32

Pelvis

Back 32

Subdivided into the greater (false) pelvis and the lesser (true) pelvis.

Front 33

Fibula

Back 33

Parallels the lateral border of the tibia.

Front 34

Tarsal Bones

Back 34

tarsus (aka ankle) contains 7 tarsal bones: the talus, the calcaneus, the cuboid, the navicular, and three cuneiform bones.

The talus: the second largest bone in the foot. It transmits the weight of the body from the tibia anteriorly, towards the toes.

The calcaneus: aka the heel bone, is the largest tarsal bone and may be easily examined. When standing: weight is transmitted from the tibia to the talus to the calcaneus, then to the ground.

The cuboid: articulates with the anterolateral surface of the calcaneus.

The navicular: (located on the medial side of the ankle) articulates with the anterior surface of the talus. The distal surface of the navicular articulates with 3 cuneiform bones.

The three cuneiform bones are arranged in a row with articulations between them, located anterior to the navicular. They're named: medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, & later cuneform bones.

The distal surfaces of the cuboid and the cuneiform bones articulate with the metatarsal bones of the foot.

Front 35

Metatarsal bones

Back 35

5 long bones that form the distal portion of the foot. Expressed in roman numerals I - V.

The first 3 metatarsal bones articulate with the 3 cuneiform bones, and the last 2 articulate with the cuboid.

They help support the weight of the body during standing, walking, and running.

Front 36

The Vertebral Column

Back 36

Consists of 26 bones: 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx.

It is divided into regions: Beginning at the skull, there us the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, & coccygeal. Each region has it's own function.

There are four spinal curves: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curve.

The vertebral provides a column of support, bearing the weight of the head, neck, & trunk. It transfers that weight to the appendicular skeleton of the lower limbs.

Front 37

Cervical Vertebra

Back 37

Smallest & most superior vertebrae

Extends from the occipital bone of the skull to the thorax.

Supports skull, stabilizes relative positions of brain & spinal cord; allows controlled head movement

Front 38

Thoracic Vertebrae

Back 38

Medium sized; heart shaped body;

Supports weight of head, neck, upper limbs, organs of thoracic cavity; articulates with ribs to allow changes in volume of thoracic cage

There are 12;

Front 39

Lumbar Vertebrae

Back 39

Largest of the vertebrae; oval surfaces

Support the weight of the head, neck, upper limbs, organs of thoracic and abdominal cavities

Front 40

The Sacrum

Back 40

Consists of the fused components og five sacral vertebrae. Continues fusing until 25-30 yrs old; prominent transverse lines mark the former boundaries of individual vertebrae.

This structure protects reproductive, digestive, & excretory organs and attaches the axial skeleton to the pelvic girdle.

The broad surface allows muscles to attach.

Curved; with a convex dorsal surface

Front 41

The Coccyx

Back 41

Consists of 3 to 5 coccygeal vertebrae that finish fusing around age 26. It provides an attachment site for a number of ligaments and for a muscle that constricts the anal opening.

Front 42

The Atlas (C1)

Back 42

Articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull, the atlas holds up the head. There is a joint in between that allows nodding.

The atlas is different because 1. lack of body, 2. the possession of a semicircular anterior & posterior vertebral arches (each containing anterior & posterior tubercles), 3. the presence of oval superior articular facets & round inferior articular facets, and 4. the largest vertebral foramen of an vertebra.

Front 43

The Axis (C2)

Back 43

During development, the body of the atlas fuses to the body of the second cervical vertebra called the atlas. This fusion causes a prominent dens of the axis. There is no intervertebral disc between the atlas & the axis.

A transverse ligament binds the dens to the inner surface of the atlas, forming a pivot: this allows rotation of the head side to side ("no")

Front 44

Vertebrosternal Rib

Back 44

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Front 45

Vertebrochondral Rib

Back 45

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