Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How many uterine horns has the female cat?
|
Two
|
|
|
Is the human uterus divided?
|
No, it is a simplex uterus, in an undivided pear-shape
|
|
|
T/F Are ovaries connected directly to the oviducts?
|
False
|
|
|
Where do female cat ovaries remain?
|
In the abdominopelvic cavity, near their origin
|
|
|
What is the testes site of origin?
|
The abdominopelvic cavity
|
|
|
What problem does long testes descent create?
|
The blood vessels that serve them must become longer, the external position subjects them to the environment, other structures can use the inguinal canal meant for sperm (such as loops of the intestine in inguinal hernias).
|
|
|
What problem does the descent of testes solve?
|
It removes testes from the too-high core body temperature that would cause inefficient sperm production.
|
|
|
Through what canal do the testes descend their distance into the scrotal sac?
|
The inguinal canal.
|
|
|
If primordial germ cells fail to develop into gametes, what happens to the individual?
|
The individual is sterile.
|
|
|
How is male and female genitalia determined?
|
By hormones and genes
|
|
|
Where are gametes produced?
|
In the gonads
|
|
|
From what do the gonads develop?
|
From tissue that lies next to the kidneys
|
|
|
From where do gonads get their vessels?
|
From buds off of nearby major vessels (e.g., the abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, and renal veins).
|
|
|
The series of tubes in the reproductive system can be used for?
|
Transporting gametes and embryos places (e.g., the archinephric duct, ductus deferens, oviducts), embryo housing and growth support (uterus), fertilization assistance (e.g., the external genitalia and accessory glands).
|
|
|
FEMALE DERIVATIVE EMBRYONIC STRUCTURE Primordial Germ Cells and Genital Ridges
|
ovaries
|
|
|
EMBRYONIC STRUCTURE MALE DERIVATIVE Primordial Germ Cells and Genital Ridges
|
testes
|
|
|
FEMALE DERIVATIVE EMBRYONIC STRUCTURE Early (Upper) Urogenital Sinus
|
urinary bladder, urethra
|
|
|
EMBRYONIC STRUCTURE MALE DERIVATIVE Early (Upper) Urogenital Sinus
|
urinary bladder, prostatic urethra
|
|
|
FEMALE DERIVATIVE EMBRYONIC STRUCTURE Definitive (Lower) Urogenital Sinus
|
vestibule
|
|
|
EMBRYONIC STRUCTURE MALE DERIVATIVE Definitive (Lower) Urogenital Sinus
|
membranous and penile urethra
|
|
|
FEMALE DERIVATIVE EMBRYONIC STRUCTURE Genital Tubercle
|
clitoris
|
|
|
EMBRYONIC STRUCTURE MALE DERIVATIVE Genital Tubercle
|
most of penis
|
|
|
FEMALE DERIVATIVE EMBRYONIC STRUCTURE Genital (Urethral) Folds
|
labia minora
|
|
|
EMBRYONIC STRUCTURE MALE DERIVATIVE Genital (Urethral) Folds
|
penile raphe and floor of penile urethra
|
|
|
FEMALE DERIVATIVE EMBRYONIC STRUCTURE Genital (Labioscrotal) Swellings
|
labia majora
|
|
|
EMBRYONIC STRUCTURE MALE DERIVATIVE Genital (Labioscrotal) Swellings
|
scrotum
|
|
|
What does the excretory system consist of?
|
storage areas for the urine (e.g., the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra).
|
|
|
What is a waste fluid?
|
i.e., urine, that contains high concentrations of nitrogenous wastes, but low concentrations of beneficial salts, nutrients, etc.
|
|
|
What are nephrons?
|
Functional units of the kidneys.
|
|
|
What do the kidneys do?
|
through their functional units, the nephrons, remove nitrogenous wastes (and many beneficial substances) from the blood, then return the beneficial substances back to the blood.
|
|
|
What is a nitrogenous waste?
|
A waste product that contains nitrogen atoms
|
|
|
T/F Ammonia is a waste product?
|
True
|
|
|
What can toxic (but highly soluble) ammonia be converted to?
|
(chemically) to a less toxic urea, CH4N2O, or to uric acid C5H4N4O3).
|
|
|
What is deamination?
|
The removal of the amino group (–NH2) from amino acids by catabolization. ATP/energy is produced. The amino group (–NH2) becomes an ammonia molecule (NH3).
|
|
|
What does the excretory system do?
|
Collects and excretes metabolic waste, and maintains water balance
|
|
|
Where are the kidneys located?
|
Between the parietal peritoneum and the dorsal body way (i.e., they are retroperitoneal).
|
|
|
Why are the excretory and reproductive systems treated together?
|
because their anatomical structures are linked functionally, developmentally, and evolutionarily.
|
|
|
Which systems transport substances that are produced within the body and must be carried to the outside?
|
(i.e., nitrogenous wastes for the excretory system, gametes for the reproductive system).
|
|
|
T/F digestive waste products are part of the body?
|
False, most digestive waste products that are contained in feces are “left-overs” that were not absorbed, so technically, they were never “in” the body.)
|
|
|
What function do tubes in the urogenital system often serve?
|
as passages for both excretory and reproductive fluids.
|
|
|
What is “opportunism” of anatomical evolution in vertebrates?
|
whereby a feature may be co-opted for a particular function regardless of its previous function or developmental origin.
|
|
|
When do the names of blood vessels usually change?
|
at branch points (e.g., the common iliac artery branches into the internal iliac artery and the external iliac artery).
|
|
|
What are the consecutive parts of the aorta?
|
The aorta has an ascending portion, an arch, and a descending portion (the diaphragm further divides the descending aorta into a thoracic and an abdominal portion).
|
|
|
What precedes the femoral artery and vein?
|
the external iliac artery and vein, after they pass beneath the inguinal ligament (i.e., pass through the body wall)
|
|
|
What precedes the axillary artery and vein?
|
the subclavian artery and vein after they pass into the armpit (axilla)
|
|
|
What precedes the brachial artery and vein?
|
the vessels that pass into the arm (brachium)
|
|
|
What are the cat’s major lymphoid organs?
|
thymus gland tonsils Spleen
also serves as a filter for the blood (removing old red blood cells and small particles; cf. kidney), a reservoir for blood, and a secondary source of red blood cells (in emergencies). |
|
|
Where is the apex located?
|
It is the point of the heart
|
|
|
What are the auricles?
|
ear-like extensions of the atria—“atrium” and “auricle” are not synonyms.
|
|
|
What does the left ventricle form?
|
the apex of the heart
|
|
|
Where is the anterior longitudinal sulcus and what does it do?
|
It is on the ventral (anterior) side of the heart and separates the left and right ventricles
|
|
|
Where do the auricles “point”?
|
ventrally (anteriorly).
|
|
|
What almost completely separates the heart into two halves?
|
A single, incomplete, mid-frontal incision
|
|
|
What remain attached at the base of the heart [i.e., the atrial area]?
|
The halves
|
|
|
What anatomical difference is there between the left and right ventricle?
|
The left ventricle is larger and thicker-walled than the right ventricle.
|
|
|
The coronary circulation is a subdivision of what?
|
the systemic circulation
|
|
|
What are the two major pathways of the mammalian circulatory system?
|
a pulmonary circuit serving the lungs, and a systemic circuit serving the rest of the body; As in other tetrapods
|
|
|
What branch is the coronary circulation a part of?
|
the systemic circuit
|
|
|
What do the system of veins do?
|
Return oxygen-poor blood from the tissues of the body (systemic circuit) and from the tissues of the heart to the heart
|
|
|
Where does most blood in the systemic circuit ultimately drain?
|
into the inferior and superior venae cavae,
|
|
|
Where does blood in the coronary circulation drain?
|
into the coronary sinus.
|
|
|
Where does blood in both the venae cavae and the coronary sinus drain?
|
into the right atrium.
|
|
|
What is the flow of pumped blood beginning with the tricuspid valve?
|
tricuspid valve -> right ventricle-> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary trunk and arteries -> lungs for oxygenation.
|
|
|
By what method does oxygen-rich blood return to the heart?
|
via the pulmonary veins which drain into the left atrium.
|
|
|
What comprises the pulmonary circuit?
|
The pulmonary arteries, arterioles capillaries and venules in the lungs, and the pulmonary veins
|
|
|
What is the flow of pumped blood beginning with the left atrium?
|
left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta, arterial system, and the rest of the systemic circuit.
|
|
|
What is the route of the pulmonary artery?
|
out of the right ventricle, and of the aorta out of the left ventricle.
|
|
|
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
|
a band of connective tissue connecting the aorta and pulmonary artery
|
|
|
What is a red cord an indication of?
|
oxygen-rich blood
|
|
|
What is a blue cord an indication of?
|
oxygen-poor blood.
|
|
|
What does the mudpuppy illustrate in the evolution of the circulatory system?
|
a “transitional” stage
|
|
|
How does the mudpuppy primarily breathe?
|
uses gills
|
|
|
Does the mudpuppy possess lungs?
|
It does possess lungs and the double circulation pattern that is associated with lungs.
|
|
|
What are the tetrapod circulatory system major pathways?
|
pulmonary circulation (serving the lungs)
systemic circulation (serving the rest of the body). |
|
|
T/F The dorsal aortae is paired in the dogfish?
|
True
|
|
|
What is the pattern of aortic arches reminiscent of?
|
Of that seen in embryos and primitive chordates.
|
|
|
T/F The heart of the dogfish has two atria and two ventricles?
|
False
|
|
|
How many chambers does the dogfish heart have?
|
four chambers.
|
|
|
What kind of pump is the heart?
|
The heart is a linear pump
|
|
|
What is the circulatory system of the dogfish representative of?
|
the single circulation pattern seen in most fishes.
|
|
|
On what side is the vascular portion of the nephron containing a “capillary bed” (i.e., the glomerulus) in the kidney?
|
on the arterial side… heart artery glomerulus (“capillary” 1) efferent arteriole capillary 2 vein heart.
|
|
|
At where are some of the substances that are forced out of the blood in the glomerulus returned to the blood?
|
the second capillary bed.
|
|
|
What accounts for the differences among the circulatory systems of vertebrates?,
|
evolution of terrestriality, air breathing, increased metabolism, and endothermy, as in the respiratory system
|
|
|
What does the colored latex red represent?
|
arterial system
|
|
|
What does the colored latex blue represent?
|
venous system
|
|
|
What does the colored latex yellow represent?
|
hepatic portal system.
|
|
|
Which systems comprise the circulatory system?
|
blood-vascular system lymphatic system
collection of tissues, organs, and vessels that are involved in the defense of the body (i.e., inflammatory and immune responses), and in the return of fluid to the blood. |
|
|
How many portal systems are there?
|
Three
hepatic portal system renal portal system hypophyseal portal system |
|
|
What does the hepatic portal system do and where is it located?
|
(between the abdominal viscera and the liver)
carries nutrients |
|
|
What does the hypophyseal portal system do and where is it located?
|
(between the
hypothalamus and the pituitary gland) carries hypothalamic hormones |
|
|
What does the renal portal system do?
|
carries blood from the capillaries of the tail to a second set of capillaries in the kidneys.
It probably creates a low-pressure capillary system derived from veins that allows “good” substances in the kidney filtrate to be reabsorbed into the blood. occurs in all vertebrates except mammals |
|
|
What is the blood flow plan?
|
heart (ventricle) artery arteriole capillary venule vein heart (atrium)
|
|
|
What is a common modification of the blood flow plan?
|
heart artery “capillary” 1 vessel “capillary” 2 vein heart.
|
|
|
What is the purpose of modifying the blood flow plan?
|
This allows substances to be loaded in the “capillaries” of one region and unloaded in the “capillaries” of another region without passing through the entire circulatory system
|
|
|
On which side of the heart is the extra “capillary bed” in a portal system?
|
on the venous side… heart artery capillary 1 portal vein “capillary” 2 vein heart.
|
|
|
From where is blood in the first capillary bed collected?
|
from the adjacent tissues, carries them via a system of (portal) veins to the second “capillary” bed where it deposits them in the adjacent tissues.
|
|
|
What is the function of the circulatory system?
|
internal transport system for fluids.
|
|
|
What does the blood in the circulatory system contain?
|
a variety of dissolved or suspended substances: nutrients, gases (metabolic reactants and by-products), hormones and other chemical mediators, and waste products.
|
|
|
What does vertebrate blood contain?
|
cellular portion (formed elements)
liquid matrix (plasma). |
|
|
What propels blood through the circulatory system in most chordates?
|
the heart
|
|
|
What is the function of blood vessels?
|
transport blood from the heart to all regions of the body.
|
|
|
What are the types of blood vessels?
|
arteries
blood away from the heart arterioles carry blood away from the heart veins blood toward the heart venules blood toward the heart capillaries connect the arterial and venous sides and are sites of exchange |
|
|
To where does food in the digestive tract pass after the oral cavity?
|
through the pharynx and enters the esophagus.
|
|
|
What is located on the caudal surface of the liver?
|
the gall bladder.
|
|
|
Where is the pancreas located?
|
adjacent to the mesentery holding the duodenum.
|
|
|
What kind of differences delineate the three regions of the small intestine?
|
Histological/ microscopic structure of tissue
|
|
|
What common function do the pharynx and the larynx have?
|
involved in swallowing.
|
|
|
Where relatively are the bronchi and lungs are located?
|
slightly to one side of the heart.
|
|
|
What are alveoli and where do they attach?
|
They attach to the smallest bronchioles and are—tiny, bubble-like sacs in which gas exchange between the air and the blood takes place.
|
|
|
What is the diaphragm used for?
|
ventilation.
|
|
|
To where does the digestive system extend?
|
from the head through the pelvic cavity.
|
|
|
To where do the ducts of the salivary glands empty?
|
into the oral cavity.
|
|
|
Where are the papillae that contain the ducts of the parotid glands located?
|
in the cheek next to the second upper molar.
|
|
|
What are the phases of Cats teeth?
|
deciduous teeth (“baby teeth
lost during childhood permanent teeth replace the baby teeth |
|
|
To where does the respiratory system extend?
|
from the head to the thoracic cavity.
|
|
|
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
|
warm incoming air and trap dust particles
|
|
|
What is the function of the olfactory epithelium?
|
receptor for the sense of smell.
|
|
|
Where is the larynx located and what is its function?
|
At the end of the pharynx, the first portion of the trachea, it is the “voice box”
|
|
|
What does the larynx consist of?
|
several cartilages and membranes that are lined by a mucosa.
|
|
|
What are the mucosa horizontal folds?
|
superior pair
ventricular (vestibular) folds false vocal cords because they do not participate in sound production. inferior pair vocal folds or vocal cords Vibrations, produce sounds. |
|
|
What are the regions of the celom?
|
The thoracic region (thorax),
The abdominal region (abdomen) The pelvic region. The pharynx |
|
|
In what systems can the pharynx be found?
|
digestive and respiratory systems
|
|
|
What are the parts of the pharynx?
|
nasal pharynx (nasopharynx) oral pharynx (oropharynx) laryngeal pharynx (laryngopharynx)
|
|
|
Where is the nasal pharynx located and what is its function?
|
posterior to the nasal cavity
boundaries are (roughly) the internal nares and the inferior border of the soft palate. |
|
|
Where is the oral pharynx located and what is its function?
|
posterior to the oral cavity
boundaries are (roughly) the inferior border of the soft palate and the superior border of the upright epiglottis. |
|
|
Where is the laryngeal pharynx located and what is its function?
|
posterior to the upright epiglottis.
Inferiorly, the pharynx branches into the larynx (respiratory system) and the esophagus (digestive system). |
|
|
What is the celom?
|
The cavity between the splanchnic and somatic mesoderm in the embryo
|
|
|
What are the diaphragm cavities?
|
thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity; the dividing line is the pelvic inlet |
|
|
How does the MUDPUPPY classify and what are its systems?
|
tetrapod
neotenic form digestive system that of the shark respiratory system both branchial respiration (“gill-breathing”) and pulmonary respiration (“lung-breathing”). |
|
|
What do the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM share in common?
|
form most of the viscera (i.e., “guts” in a very loose sense),
Both have funnel-shaped passageway (the pharynx, loosely called the “throat”) in the head and neck nasal and oral cavities are major entrances to the respiratory and digestive systems, |
|
|
How do the BODY CAVITIES AND THE CELOM compare?
|
dorsal cavity
cerebrospinal fluid smaller celom houses most of the viscera. Larger |
|
|
What membranes attach to the celom?
|
Parietal membranes line the body cavities
visceral membranes cover the organs pleura are membranes associated with the lungs pericardium is a set of membranes associated with the heart peritoneum membranes In the abdomen and is folded into a series of “slings” that support and connect the viscera to the dorsal body wall They also provide a scaffolding in which you will find the blood vessels that serve these organs. these folds are called mesenteries, and are subdivided into the dorsal mesentery, and the ventral mesentery. |
