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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an ovum? |
The egg cell |
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What is a zygote? |
a fertilized egg cell |
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How many chromosomes are in one cell if there are no abnormalities? |
46 |
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What is the process in which cells divide into two called? |
mitosis |
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How many of the chromosome pairs carry identical genetic information? |
22 |
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Which Chromosome pair is the sex chromosome? |
the 23rd |
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What are the sperm and ovum called collectively? |
gametes (germ cells) |
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how many chromosomes does each gamest have? |
23 |
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How to gametes divide? |
Through meiosis |
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What is genetic mapping? |
The process by which the place of every human gene on the chromosome is identified. |
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What are genes? |
segments of DNA that make up chromosomes |
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What is the Homozygous pattern? |
The two genes in the pair at any given genetic place carry the same instructions. |
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What is the heterozygous pattern? |
The two genes in the pair at any given genetic place carry out different instructions. |
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What are chromosomes made of? |
deoxyribonucleic acid |
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What are the first 22 chromosome pairs called? |
autosomes |
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What is a genotype? |
the specific set of instructions contained in the genes. |
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What is a phenotype? |
The set of actual observed characteristics, a product of the genotype, environmental influences from the time of conception onward, and the interaction between the two. |
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A single dominant gene carries less weight than a recessive gene. True or false? |
False-it carries more. |
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What are examples of Dominant genes? |
Dimples, curly hair, freckles |
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What are examples of recessive genes? |
flat feet, red hair, and thin lips. |
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What is genomic imprinting? |
Genes that are passed down that are special to the male or female |
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What is mitochondrial inheritance? |
Implies that children inherit genes located outside of the nucleus of the zygote, found in the ovum before it is fertilized. |
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When does the germinal stage begin and end? |
Begins at conception and ends when the zygote is implanted in the walls of the uterus. |
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When does cell division begin? |
24-36 hours after conception |
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When does the embryonic stage take place? |
Between implantation and 8 weeks |
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When can a heartbeat be detected? |
4 weeks |
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What are apparent by the end of the embryonic stage? |
limbs, basic portions of the nervous system, and organ formation. |
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When is the fetal stage? |
8-40 weeks |
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What occurs in the fetal stage? |
major neuronal changes and synapse formations between axons and dendrites. |
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When does the male embryo begin to secrete testosterone? |
between 4-8 weeks |
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no secretion of hormones have been found by females. True or false? |
True |
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Do prenatal hormones play a role in brain development? |
Yes |
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Boys progress more quickly through the prenatal stages. True of false? |
False. Girls progress more quickly in skeletal development. |
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More boys than girls are conceived. True or false? |
True. Boys are more prone to problems and are more likely to me aborted. |
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Females are more physically active in the womb. True of false? |
False. males are more active in the womb than females. |
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Girls react more to external stimuli. True of false? |
True. |
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How does a fetus respond to a sound? |
Increased heart rate |
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how does a late-term fetus react to stimuli? |
neurologically and has been measured by MRI machines. |
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by when can a fetus distinguish the difference between a familiar and unfamiliar stimuli? |
the 32nd week |
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What are the two types of genetic disorders? |
Autosomal or sexlinked |
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What causes an autosomal disorder most of the time? |
recessive genes |
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What autosomal disorder is caused by dominant genes? |
Huntingtons |
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What type of disease is PKU? |
Autosomal |
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What type of disease is Sickle cell? |
Autosomal |
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What type of disease is Tay Sachs? |
Autosomal |
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Describe PKU |
When a baby cannot absorb proteins and it causes mental retardation |
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Describe Sickle cell disease |
Abnormal blood cell shape |
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Describe Tay Sachs |
mental retardation and blindness |
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What causes sex linked disorders most of the time? |
recessive genes |
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What type of disorder is red/green color blindness? |
sex linked |
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What type of disorder is haemophilia? |
sex linked |
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What type of disorder is Fragile X? |
Sex linked |
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Describe haemophilia |
Blood cannot clot and people can bleed to death |
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Describe fragile X |
the X chromosome is damaged in some way and it causes mental retardation. |
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What are Chromosome anomalies? |
Disorders that may be a result of trisomies or sex-chromosome abnormalities. |
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What is a trisomy? |
A condition in which there are three copies of an autosome. |
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What leads to sex-chromosome anomalies? |
Incomplete or incorrect division of either chromosome. |
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What is an example of a trisomy? |
Down syndrome |
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What causes down syndrome? |
three copies of chromosome 21 |
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What is the most common form of sex chromosome Anomaly? |
Klinefelter's syndrome |
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What pattern is Klinefelter's syndrome? |
xxy |
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What patterns is Turner's syndrome? |
Single x pattern (X-0) |
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What happens to someone with Turner's syndrome? |
They develop as a girl |
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What patterns is triple X syndrome? |
xxx |
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What happens to someone with triple x? |
They develop as a girl. |
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What is a teratogen? |
something in which can harm a fetus due to environmental environments. |
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When is the organ system of a fetus most vulnerable to teratogens? |
During the first trimester when the fetus is developing the most rapidly. |
