Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Beringia land bridge
|
Science's explanation of the origin of aboriginal people - the Bering Strait once had a "bridge" over which the people crossed to North America.
|
|
|
Windigo stories
|
Evil, cannibalistic spirits that are part of native myths. One French voyageur, Le Riche, is featured in a story wear one of these ate fish raw before Le Riche killed it. Algonquians were afraid of them, Iroquois saw them as a way to scare other groups - they represented "power". Represent hardships in settlement of Canada (starvation) and the spiritual element of the native people.
|
|
|
How Canadian Prairies were formed
|
Glaciers 20,000 years ago formed them - the glaciers were stuck between the Western Cordillera and the Pre-Cambrian (Canadian) Shield.
|
|
|
How Western Cordillera was formed
|
collision of tectonic plates (Cretaceous Period 145-65 million years ago)
|
|
|
How the Canadian (Pre-Cambrian) Shield was formed
|
Make up 40% of Canada, made from Pre-Cambrian Rock 570 million years ago.
|
|
|
Characteristics of Prairies
|
Naturally have good soils for wheat.
Arid climate (lack of rain, short growing season). Before modern agriculture, were good grazing lands for mammoth, then buffalo. |
|
|
Most Fertile Area of Canada
|
Corridor of Southern Ont-Que, which developed one of the largest aboriginal communities in Canada.
|
|
|
Use of Canadian Waters - 3 coasts and the most inland water of any country
|
For transportation by canoe and fishing, extremely important for exploration, settlement, and trade
|
|
|
Drainage Basin - def'n.
|
Sometimes called a watershed, is an area where all surface water shares the same drainage outlet. All water of North America flows to oceans by these.
|
|
|
Drainage Basin to the Atlantic
|
St. Lawrence River
|
|
|
Drainage Basins to Hudson's Bay
|
Nelson and Saskatchewan Rivers
|
|
|
Drainage Basin to Arctic
|
Mackenzie River
|
|
|
Drainage Basins to the Pacific
|
Fraser, Columbia, Yukon Rivers
|
|
|
Drainage Basins to the Gulf of Mexico
|
Missouri, Mississippi, Ohio, Illinois, Arkansas Rivers
|
|
|
Five Native Language Groups of Canada
|
Algonquian, Iroquoian, Siouan, Athapaskan, Eskimoan.
|
|
|
Algonquian Nations
|
Beothuk, Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, Passamaquoddy, Montagnais, Algonquin, Nipissing, Ojibwa, Ottawa
|
|
|
Societal characteristics of Algonquian Nations (3)
|
1. Nomadic, small groups or kinship groups
2. hunter-gatherers 3. scattered and politically decentralized |
|
|
Saskatchewan Native Characteristics
|
Hunter-gatherer, nomadic; 3 language groups: Siouan (Assiniboine, Sioux), Algonquian (Plains Cree), and Athapaskan (Chipewyan). A level of diplomacy was practiced (offering gifts, smoking the peace pipe, arrangements between groups about bad hunting years). However, conflicts between groups were common. Plains Cree pushed the Sioux to the south to the USA.
|
|
|
Economic/Societal Characteristics of Iroquoian Nations (4)
|
Based around St. Lawrence/Great Lakes.
Northernmost Farmers (were sedentary). Mixed economy of hunting and agriculture. Politically organized into large villages of longhouses. |
|
|
Five Nations Iroquois, a democratically organized, politically centralized group. Their "laws" were passed down through oral tradition.
|
Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, eventually the Tuscarora (in 1722).
|
|
|
Other Iroquoians other than the Five Nations Iroquois.
|
Huron (constantly at war w/ Five Nations, especially Mohawks, and had an alliance w/ the French). They were eventually destroyed and the people were absorbed into other cultures.
Petun, Neutral. |
|
|
Reasons for Aboriginal War
|
To defeat enemies, also to increase a group's own population (which became very important as people were lost to disease).
|
|
|
History of Beothuk
|
last time any account of them was known was in 1829. Once inhabited Newfoundland.
|
|
|
1649 - aboriginal historical event
|
destruction of Huronia (year)
|
|
|
European "discovery" - the view of the explorers
|
Eurocentric, but they relied heavily on the aboriginals to survive during their exploration.
|
|
|
Vikings on Greenland (date and name of settlement founder)
|
982-985, Eric the Red
|
|
|
Bjarni Herjolsson
|
According to Icelandic sagas, the first man to see the coast of Labrador. (986)
|
|
|
Vinland (founded 1001-1003)
|
founded by Leif Eriksson believed to be on Labrador
Thorvald Erikssonexplored the area and wintered. There is a dispute but it is now believed that this settlement is at L'Anse aux Meadows. |
|
|
Reason for Norse Abandonment of New World
|
didn't have enough people nor military technology to deal with conflicts with natives; climate changed to a cooling trend in 1200's, affected agriculture in Greenland and supply ships stopped coming. In 1349, Norway and Iceland hit by Black Death. 1450 - Greenland settlement disappeared
|
|
|
1492
|
(Columbus sailed the ocean blue!)
|
|
|
Arabs advancement during the Age of Exploration
|
had discovered all of east Africa before Portuguese on the west side. No good explanation to explain why their world didn't expand, because they had all the resources they needed for wealth.
|
|
|
Chinese advancement during the Age of Exploration
|
were marine navigators, invented the compass, introduced gunpowder, had 3500 ships at its peak, and these ships weighed much more than European ones, but in 1530's, the ships stopped traveling. The emperor faced pressure for spending other money, decided to focus inwardly on their country.
|
|
|
Reasons for European Exploration
|
Curiosity
Economic Motives - the Ottoman Turks captured the city of Constantinople in 1453. The city was central to European trade (for spices, salt). Overland route blocked, were looking for overseas routes. |
|
|
Christopher Columbus (nationality? sailing for? contribution?)
|
was Italian sailing for Spain, went west hoping to reach China, and thought he was in India when he reached the Caribbean.
|
|
|
Vasco da Gamma (date? contribution? nationality?)
|
1497-8, for Portugal, found a route to India by going around the Cape of Africa
|
|
|
John Cabot
|
When King Henry learned of the west, sent this Italian, who landed on Newfoundland and went fishing in the Grand Banks. (1497)
|
|
|
Grand Banks and their economic importance
|
Europe's population had recovered from Black Death, but meat was a scarcity. Most people were Roman Catholic, who had to eat fish almost half the year.
|
|
|
Two types of fisheries on the Grand Banks
|
1. dry fisheries, where fish were salted over the summer in Newfoundland before returning to Europe
2. green fisheries, the French did mostly, catching and salting fish on board and heading directly back to Europe |
|
|
Joao Fernandes
|
1499, named Labrador
|
|
|
Gaspar Corte Real
|
1500, abducted natives and brought them back to Europe, where they probably became slaves
|
|
|
Giovanni de Varrazzano
|
1524, King of France still believed in Northwest Passage so this guy headed down the St. Lawrence and down to North Carolina. This was important info to know you couldn't get through.
|
|
|
Jacques Cartier, trip one
|
mariner from France, sailing for France.
1534: went to find Northwest Passage referred to Labrador as Biblical wasteland met Iroquoians, traded knives, combs, glass beads, and met Chief Donnacona. kidnapped Donnacona's sons and returned to Europe to prove they had been there. |
|
|
Chief Donnacona
|
chief of the Iroquoians in 1530's when Jacques Cartier came around. He saw the French as powerful trading partners but never supported the French going down the river.
|
|
|
Jacques Cartier, trip two
|
1535-6, returned and Donnacona's sons helped him get to Stadacona (Quebec City site). He also headed further down to Hochelaga (site of Montreal), where there was a settlement of natives in longhouses (unknown which tribe).
Stayed the winter at Stadacona, many men died of scurvy before learning the native cure. Kidnapped Donnacona and left in spring, after hearing of shiny rocks (thinking gold and silver) |
|
|
Jacques Cartier, trip three
|
1541-2, Jean Francois de la Rocque de Roberval was in charge (by order of king).
Donnacona didn't return, so they were met with hostility from the natives. Returned with fool's gold and quartz, and the settlement they tried to set up didn't work out either. |
|
|
Cartier's accomplishments
|
no riches, no settlement, left with bad relationship with natives.
|
|
|
Pierre du Gua de Monts in Acadia
|
French king gave him a monopoly over the fur trade which was important for making felt hats.
was a "Huguenot" (French Protestant) but was allowed through the Edict of Nantes. Agreed to settle 60 colonists per year in Acadia and promote Catholicism among the natives. |
|
|
Acadia's first settlement
|
Pierre du Gua de Monts, on the St. Croix River in 1604, winter was terrible, and then Port Royal was set up.
|
|
|
Port Royal (date, first governor?)
|
1606. Governed by Joan de Biencourt, Seigneur de Poutrincourt. Brought settlers including son Charles. First successful winter (1606-7).
|
|
|
Pierre du Gua de Monts on the St. Lawrence
|
decided to turn attention to the St. Lawrence after 3 years hardship in Acadia. sailed with Champlain, who is largely credited with the founding of Quebec City, although he was never the governor there.
|
|
|
Early conflicts over Acadia (1627-1632)
|
French and English fought over Acadia. French wanted to secure their colony so sent Isaac de Razilly. French looked towards their native allies for help, particularly the Mi'kmaq, lead by Membertou (who had been baptized).
|
|
|
Charles La Tour
|
In charge of colony, believed that the colony should be based on the fur trade economically.
|
|
|
Charles d'Aulnay
|
Isaac Razilly's successor, was determined that the colony should be based on agriculture.
|
|
|
1. d'Aulnay vs. 2. La Tour
|
family feud over French Acadia's economic activities. Man 1 died soon after winning and left large debts, man 2 was captured by the English and required to pay debts for what he had used to fight the feud.
|
|
|
First English control of Acadia (dates, governor)
|
1662-1667, Thomas Temple. Caused the Acadians to have loyalty to no one (traded with whoever) which largely influenced their culture and history.
|
|
|
1559
|
Trading post just downriver from Stadacona was set up at Tadoussac. Over 1000 natives went their to trade fish and fur each year. By 1600's Stadaconans were gone (unknown why?)
|
|
|
Quebec's strategic placement
|
surrounded by water
high ground for defense completely surrounded by ice for most of the winter which kept enemies out. city founded 1608. |
|
|
Samueld de Champlain
|
founded Quebec City (1608)
Most of his men died of scurvy. Secured an alliance with the Algonquins in 1609, and through them encountered Huron. Served the Company of 100 Associates and died in 1635 (just after Quebec returned to French) |
|
|
Etienne Brule
|
one of Champlain's men
was exchanged with Hurons for a native man learned of Iroquois Confederacy and Huronia. adapted into the native culture eventually killed by the Huron when they accused him as traitor. |
|
|
Savignon
|
Huron man adapted in French in exchange with Etienne Brule
|
|
|
Jesuits (Society of Jesus, "Black Robes")
|
followed Etienne Brule into Huronia after he died (mission was named St. Mary's).
Attempted to slowly convert through baptism and learning language. didn't adapt to their culture, separated them into converted and non-converts. were killed when Hurons began to suffer from smallpox and blamed being baptized by the priests, calling them sorcerers. they burnt down their mission and left right before Iroquois captured Huronia. Other missions more successful. |
|
|
"sauvage"
|
term used by french to mean savage, but generally had less negative connotatations, meant not Christian, wild.
|
|
|
"metissage"
|
mixing of cultures, the French attempted to bring the Algonquins (Montagnais) into their culture, give them land, etc. Often the men that married those women would be adapted into their culture, however.
Not the same as Metis, which refers to a political organization minority, whereas metissage weren't an organized group |
|
|
Populations, 1627-1632
|
French: 127
Dutch: 270 English 4,646 (but scattered) First Nations: 50,000-100,000 Obviously native alliances were key. |
|
|
Cardinal Richelieu
|
Louis XIII's chief minister, given a monopoly over the French fur trade in 1627 and continued to work even though taken over by English in the next few years
He used this to form the Company of 100 Associates. |
|
|
Company of 100 Associates
|
formed by Cardinal Richelieu to take care of the fur trade and build population. They failed to bring settlers though, and by early 1640's they were close to bankrupt and couldn't protect the colony from attack.
European competition stopped it though. |
|
|
David Kirke and the Kirke Brothers
|
Englishmen who captured the trading post and boats of the French in 1627, and they surrendered Quebec because their supplies down the St. Lawrence were cut off.
|
|
|
"engages"
|
contract workers that worked for 3-5 years
|
|
|
1645
|
Only 400 people in New France.
Compagnie Des Habitants formed by 15 settlers. |
|
|
"habitants"
|
farmers, residents, peasantry of New France (some are merchants). Refers to the people of the masses
|
|
|
Compagnie Des Habitants
|
formed 1645
took over fur trade, posts, brought 20 male and female settlers each year, paid governor and military. Maintained stability but population was still small |
|
|
French didn't emigrate from France because... (3)
|
1. government didn't offer incentives until 1663 (when they gave large amounts of land)
2. Protestants (Huguenots) were forbidden from practicing and teaching their faith. 3. Stories about harsh winters and Iroquois attacks (spread mostly through the "Jesuit Relations", books with description of culture. Readers were nobles but news spread by word of mouth to the lower classes.) |
|
|
Adam Dollard Des Ormeaux
|
in 1660.
set out to ambush the Iroquois b/c they were fishing in the Ottawa River. Only three Huron survived and told the story, others died and some took side of Iroquois after all the Frenchmen died. considered savior of Montreal b/c they had averted the Iroquois during the harvest and allowed the citizens to escape famine and get inside the walls for winter. Facts: He and men set out in April. (harvest in fall. ?) No proof Iroquois headed to Montreal, no reasons for attack on Iroquois by Ormeaux (except perhaps greed over fur trade). |
|
|
Morning Wars
|
the time period where the natives were fighting for population. This is how the Huron were dispersed. For Iroquois it was important to ave the large numbers for strength over Europeans.
Huron dispersal caused French to rely more on their Algonquian allies. |
|
|
Canada, 1632-1663
|
Quebec City to Montreal became known as this, with three most populated spots (2 cities mentioned above and Trois-Rivieres).
1663 - 3,300 people |
|
|
New France Christian orders
|
Recollets, Jesuits, Seminarians, Soeurs Hospitaliers, Ursalines, Soeurs de la Congregation de Notre Dame, Sulpicians.
|
|
|
Recollets
|
tried to entice natives and change them quickly and immediately to Christians.
|
|
|
Royal Government, establishment
|
established in New France in 1663.
established absolutism and royal authority. colony now controlled directly from Paris with people in Canada just to enforce. established by King Louis XIV and minister Jean-Baptist Colbert. |
|
|
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
|
helped to establish Royal Government in New France in 1663.
minister to king during that time |
|
|
Royal Government, structure (3 roles + description)
|
A Governor General - from a military and noble family; responsible for military and native ally relations.
Intendant - managed society, responsible for economic duties and administration. Bishop - responsible for religious affairs. Had control from Acadia to far south of Great Lakes. These 3 sat on the Sovereign Council, and were in constant communication with the king and minister. There were also others on the council but they didn't have control. Lot of confusion over who had control over what. |
|
|
Royal Government, Goals (3)
|
1. Trade
2. Population Increase 3. Defense against Iroquois |
|
|
Louis de Buade, Compte de Frontenac
|
first Governor General of Quebec. (1663)
|
|
|
Jean Talon
|
first Intendant of New France (1663)
proposed Triangle Trade couldn't keep control of fur trade due to coureurs de bois. effective in growing agriculture and population, however. proposed idea of filles du roi. sent men to discover the Illinois area. |
|
|
Francois de Laval
|
first bishop of New France.
created a seminary that is today Laval U. faced resistance from other Christian groups (ex. Seminarians in what is now Montreal area). |
|
|
Mercantilism
|
protectionist system of economic exchange in which colonies provide natural goods and commodities and the metropolitan centre supplies finished manufactured goods (not free trade!)
France protects, New France provides resources for economic growth and finances of imperial state. |
|
|
coureurs de bois
|
illegal fur traders who would head into the upper country (pays d'en haut) and trade with natives without a license.
|
|
|
Triangle Trade
|
idea of Jean Talon to have colonies trade not only with France but also between each other.
Problem: the winds and water flow allowed ships to more easily travel France - Caribbean, Caribbean to Canada, Canada to France. |
|
|
filles du roi (king's daughters)
|
women of marriageable age that were brought to New France to boost population and to marry the largely male settler population. They were often orphans or poor or wanted a better life (perhaps young widows). Good plan that mostly worked
|
|
|
population - 1663 and after
|
15,000.
brought in filles du roi. brought in soldiers. petty convicts (for things like theft). engages (for work). slaves - both African and Native. Catholic clergy. self-financed merchants. However, 2/3 of those who moved returned to France (27,000). |
|
|
France vs. New France - views and facts
|
People saw Canada as a type of purgatory.
Facts: less child mortality, longer life expectancy, less chance of famine in Canada. (but Iroquois threat though) |
|
|
Lachine Massacre
|
August 1689
south of island of Montreal (now part of city) bad publicity height of Beaver Wars, where French were constantly attacking Iroquois, and for 10 years after they were constantly attacked by Iroquois. |
|
|
Beaver Wars
|
1650-1701
Including Lachine Massacre. Ended with Governor Frontenac returning to Canada after a short trip to France, and then taking Canada on the offensive, which was largely successful, partly because of ravaging European diseases. Great Peace of Montreal (1701) |
|
|
Great Peace of Montreal
|
signed 1701 between French, Algonquin, and Iroquois to end the Beaver Wars.
|
|
|
Sulpicians
|
priests in control of the seigneury around Montreal
|
|
|
arpent
|
land measurement used in New France, close to an acre
|
|
|
piece-sur-piece
|
Canadian log home
|
|
|
seigneurialism
|
transformed the Frenchmen to Canadiens and farmers (habitants)
became common through ribbon farms where one end was on the waterway seigneurs- large amounts of land given to nobles by the king. Church was a large landholder. Seigneur would carve it into land lots, which he would then "lease" to "censitaires" (habitants). |
|
|
Seigneurs (role)
|
build flour mill, settle disputes, live there.
|
|
|
Censitaires (roles)
|
build own house, clear land, pay "cens", "rentes", "banalite", could sell their leases though, so not entirely like renting
|
|
|
Banalite
|
pay one sack of flour out of fourteen to the seigneur for using his mill (which you must)
|
|
|
Rentes and cens
|
both less than a tenth of profit.
Sort of like rent. |
|
|
Droits de corvee
|
right of forced labour for 3 days a year, censitaires must work for their seigneur.
|
|
|
Demesne
|
have to work without pay one or two days a year to maintain roads
|
|
|
Reparation d'injure verbale
|
people could sue for slander, happened between settlers and between different classes.
case of Pierre Feret (1743). |
|
|
Law in New France
|
law reinforced hierarchy, but in New France, lower classes and women had better legal representation.
|
|
|
Women in New France
|
had a big role, took over businesses when husbands died or were away. Nuns were able to express themselves. Businesses that women headed include textile business, sawmills.
Names: Marie de l'Incarnation, Marguerite Bourgeoys, Marie Anne Barbel, Agathe de Sainte-Rere, Marie-Charlotte Denys de la Ronde, Louise de Ramezay |
|
|
Canadiens vs. Frenchmen
|
their struggle to set up farm and with the seigneurial system separated them from the French and made them Canadien.
|
|
|
Canadien culture
|
chansons de repondre (round songs), fiddles, dances, playing the spoons. Songs about voyageurs, battles with British, winter. Card games and drinking (Canadian rye). "la nation" (French traditions).
|
|
|
War of the Spanish Obsession
|
ended with the Treaty of Utrecht, signed in 1713. Began a 30-year truce, which became New France's Golden Age, as it became most stable economically and socially.
|
|
|
New France's Golden Age
|
Began in 1713 with the Treaty of Utrecht that began 30 years of peace in North America. The French government's initiatives were more frequent and more successful.
Flour mills, seal and whale hunting increased. Chemin du Roi was completed in 1737. many small businesses began (making rope, tool and machine shops, making sails, etc.). Established themselves economically and socially. Population more than doubled (with families of 8-16 kids). In the end it was still an exchange economy though, even though mercantilism faded. |
|
|
Chemin du Roi (King's Highway)
|
completed in 1737, the road between Montreal and Quebec City that took 9 days to travel rather than several weeks on the St. Lawrence.
|
|
|
New French Industry
|
Constructed 9 warships in 1740's.
First iron works industry in 1729, employed 100 workers, making pots, pans, ladles, cannons, stoves, cannon balls. (St. Maurice) All of this was against mercantilism. |
|
|
New France Agriculture in 1700's.
|
Agriculture began to rival fur trade. Primary crop was wheat, but also grew peas, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, corn. 1/3 of colony's exports was wheat in 1730's. Land cultivated went up by 430%. New France became responsible for providing these goods to the other French colonies.
|
|
|
French voyageur stories outside of New France
|
Story of Petit Jean, Story of the Flying Canoe, Songs "Je Suis De Bords l'Ohio". Highly romanticized, but told of new experiences. Voyageur life was a big part of French American culture
|
|
|
Louis Joliette and Jacques Marquette
|
sent by Jean Talon.
explored interior of continent, searching for Grande Riviere (the Mississippi). went to Arkansas and met with aboriginals. good start towards France's push inward |
|
|
Robert Cavelier de la Salle (1682)
|
travelled down the River to the Gulf of Mexico with Henri de Tonty, and built Fort St. Louis (at Starved Rock) on Illinois River.
Handed out the first land grants in the region. Marriages were "a la facon du pays" with native women. as many as 800 coureurs de bois were in the west soon with La Salle. |
|
|
Henri de Tonty
|
helped build Fort St. Louis on Illinois River with Robert Cavelier de la Salle in 1682
|
|
|
Fort St. Louis
|
built in 1682, attacked and taken by Iroquois before the end of the Beaver Wars because military wasn't sent there after Governor Frontenac left.
|
|
|
Antoine le Febvre de la Barre
|
Frontenac's successor who didn't support la Salle and didn't send soldiers to the west on the Illinois.
|
|
|
Interior founded by the French
|
after the Beaver Wars, settlements began to show up in Cahokia (1699, Seminarian mission), Detroit (1701), Kaskaskia (1703, Jesuit mission with Father Marest), New Orleans (1718).
|
|
|
Colony of Louisiana
|
French area south of the Great Lakes, including the Illinois Country. There was trade between the two colonies, Canada produced grain, and there was the fur trade. There was also a large transient population through the Illinois Country.
|
|
|
Native Alliances with the Europeans
|
alliances were constantly renegotiated, Europeans wanted as much land as possible and weakened rivals. B/c of these alliances, natives created new rivals between each other.
alliances were difficult to maintain with constant wars |
|
|
Fox Wars
|
1701-1736
displaced aboriginals competed with other aboriginals. French wanted the Fox, but the Illinois natives separated them because they captured the Fox for use as French slaves, so the Fox wouldn't agree to alliance unless slaves were freed. This shows the dependence of the Illinois on their alliance with the French. |
|
|
Chickasaw Wars
|
1700-1740
were British allies, and had engaged French in skirmishes. French were afraid of losing their southern territory when they led an offensive that was barely successful and led to tentative peace |
|
|
Population of French Louisiana and Illinois
|
French Canadians
Louisiana Creoles French metis African and native slaves African and native free peoples |
|
|
Code Noir
|
African slavery in Louisiana separated it from French Canada.
French society in the south had Code Noir, a code of ethics, regulations, and conduct on how to handle slaves (somewhat kinder than plantation slavery, slaves were used for farm hands and domestic use). Slaves were usually freed after a time or married to Frenchmen. |
|
|
English experiment in Ireland (1550's and 60's)
|
England took over Ireland around Dublin (region known as Pale).
English take lands, control it, take over the Irish Gaelic Roman Catholic's lands. The Irish became tendants. Ireland - testing ground for British colonization |
|
|
Dutch colonization
|
Henry Hudson discovered New York region for Dutch (a major sea power).
Settlement sprang up with help of Dutch East India Company, with a steady stream of colonists (10,000). Dutch traded with Iroquois, expanded agriculture, had economic enterprise, but were weakly defended. British captured New Amsterdam in 1664 and renamed it New York. Dutch were still successful in India and Southeast Asia (Indonesia). |
|
|
1664
|
New Amsterdam captured by British, became New York
|
|
|
British difficulties in colonization
|
difficulty with their people being captured and made into slaves but later ransomed. This became pop culture in Britain (Daniel Dafoe's "Robinson Crusoe" (1719) and Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels" (1729)).
The Royal Navy wasn't large enough initially to protect them. |
|
|
English in Africa
|
early 1600's, English were on African Mediterranean Coast and were pushed out of region by the Ottoman Turks. British travelers became captured on African coasts by the Barbary Powers.
|
|
|
Barbary Powers
|
Morocco, Algiers, Tripoli, Tunisia.
Took 20,000 British captives for slaves and captured 800 British ships. |
|
|
British Union of 1707
|
England became Britain, and its empire controls 1/5 of the population of the globe (much later in 1820's).
|
|
|
white slavery
|
was much better than plantation slavery, eventually slaves were ransomed. Church of England provided ransom, many captives taken by Barbary Powers were returned.
|
|
|
British view of settlement in America
|
Ideas of captivity became central to this view because of the experiences with the Barbary Powers. These views were with them in America, creating a far more confrontational relationship with the natives and later harsher policy towards them than the French had.
|
|
|
British Primary Goal 1508-1630
|
Oriental trade route
|
|
|
Founding of the Turkey Trade (year)
|
1580
|
|
|
Founding of Britain's East India Company (year)
|
1600
|
|
|
British Goal in America
|
spurred by the Spanish and Portuguese discovery of gold and silver in the New World, which had led to their success.
|
|
|
British Settlement of America
|
a succession of failing starts, there was no single state initiative. Began in 1580's.
|
|
|
Humphrey Gilbert
|
tried to settle in Newfoundland in 1583, but men died.
|
|
|
Walter Raleigh
|
made expedition for British to Roanake Island (North Carolina) in 1584. Created a plantation colony, which failed. Discovered Chesapeake Bay in Virginia today.
|
|
|
Sir Richard Grenville
|
went to Chesapeake Bay, left 15 men there, but they were never seen again.
|
|
|
Founding of Virginia
|
1607.
under the Virginia Company, who used indentured servants to build colony. Virginia grows tobacco |
|
|
indentured servants
|
English contract workers (English version of engages)
|
|
|
1607
|
Founding of Virginia and Jamestown.
|
|
|
Captain John Smith
|
who meets Pocahontas, who doesn't marry him. Instead she marries John Rulfe, and goes to Britain in 1616, but dies in 1617.
|
|
|
Bermuda shipwreck by English (year)
|
1609, indentured servants wanted to stay there rather than continuing to Virginia, but they were later picked up by the British.
|
|
|
St. John's colony establishment (year)
|
1610, in Newfoundland to protect fisheries, this settlement has 39 colonists.
|
|
|
Puritans on the Mayflower
|
1620's. They were Protestant dissenters, weren't Catholic or Anglican. The "pilgrims", begin colonizing Massachusetts in 1620 and also land at Plymouth Rock.
Beginning of settlement in New England |
|
|
Religious division in British colonies
|
Maryland - Catholic
Rhode Island - "religious tolerance" Puritans who burned "witches" |
|
|
Mayflower Compact
|
A constitution, a founding document that influenced the American Constitution
|
|
|
Thirteen Colonies economic activities
|
fisheries, ship building, Triangle Trade.
Chesapeake colonies (Virginia and Maryland) focused on tobacco plantations, which brought 70-80% of the English immigrants as indentured servants, and 13% of the black slaves. |
|
|
British Triangle Trade
|
worked for English because New England was right on the water, there was access year round to the colony.
|
|
|
Colonialism
|
Colonial point of view, "periphery"
|
|
|
Imperialism
|
empire view from the imperial centre towards the colonies, "centre"
|
