Berends - Middle Ages, Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration & Absolute Monarchs

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Feudalism

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Political system of governing and landholding based on mutual obligations.

Hint 1

Seen in both Europe & Japan

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Fief

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Piece of land given by the lord to the vassal in exchange for work, protection, loyalty, etc.

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Clovis, Charles Martel, & Charlemagne

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Frankish kings who unified Germanic tribes under their power. They were instrumental in spreading Christianity throughout Europe.

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The Battle of Tours

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Battle fought between Charles Martel (Franks) and the Muslims. Halted the Muslim advancement into Europe.

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Catholic Church

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Powerful because they were the only thing uniting people in Europe during the Middle Ages.

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Charlemagne

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Solidified his power by having the Pope crown him Holy Roman Emperor, making his rule legitimate. Showed the church was more powerful than secular rulers of Europe at the time.

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Excommunication

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A banishment from the Church. This means you cannot receive a burial or the sacraments.

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The sacraments

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Things done in the Catholic Church to guarantee one’s entrance into heaven – include baptism, communion, marriage, confession, funeral rites, confirmation, and becoming a priest.

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An interdict

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Is the excommunication of an entire region, town, or country.

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Great Schism

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When two, eventually three Popes claimed that their papacy held legitimacy. The effects were that the Pope lost authority, kings and lords gained power, and that Pope’s political authority was lessened.

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The Hundred Years’ War

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War between the English and the French. King Edward III and King Philip IV both claimed the French crown. The longbow allowed the outnumbered English to win at the Battle of Agincourt. Joan of Arc is a French hero because she won the Battle of Orleans and got Charles crowned King of France.
Because of both the longbow and the cannon the knight and the castle became obsolete.

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Effects of The Black Death

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Social effects include killed 1/3 of the European population, people turning to witchcraft, people believing they were being punished by God, breakdown of normal life, etc. Economically, there was first a drop in prices, then inflation. Fewer workers meant that those who were still around demanded more money for their work as well as peasant revolts. Religiously, the Church lost credibility

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The Renaissance

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A period of creativity and change in many areas – political, social, economic, and cultural. It changed how people viewed themselves and the world. French term that means re-birth, Greek & Roman art, literature, and architecture.

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Patrons

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The people who provide the financial backing for the arts. During the Renaissance this included Popes, Princes, the Medici family, and other wealthy and powerful people.

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Humanism

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The belief that humans have untapped potential. Humans have the reason and logic to do anything they put their mind into doing. Key idea during the Renaissance.

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Niccolo Machiavelli

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Italian who wrote The Prince, which was a political book which instructed rulers how to gain and maintain power. Stressed real life rather than high ideals. Rulers were to use whatever means necessary to achieve goals.

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Johann Gutenberg

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German creator of European printing press. Used movable type to make book production easy, and created the first printed complete version of the Bible. This started a printing revolution, which allowed people to own books, and learn to read.

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Baldassare Castiglione

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Wrote The Book of the Courtier, which described the manners, skills, learning, and virtues a member of the royal court should have. Differed for Men and Women.

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Thomas More

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Wrote Utopia, which describes the ideal society in which everyone lives in harmony and peace. The people all work, are educated, justice is used to stop crime.

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Motives for European Exploration

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Europeans were interested in spices from Asia. People were looking for new knowledge, wealth, fame, and adventure. Nations also wanted to claim new lands and riches for themselves. A final motive was the desire to spread Christianity.

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Advances in knowledge and technology that led to the Age of Exploration

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Include cartography, or mapmaking. Europeans began to view the Earth as a sphere. Navigation was made easier with new maps and tools. There were also improvements made to the design of ships and weapons.

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Henry “the Navigator”

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Portuguese prince who started a school of navigation where sailors and mapmakers could learn their trades. His cartographers made updated maps with new information. His expeditions also explored the west coast of Africa.

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Bartolomeu Dias

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Explorer who became the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa.

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Vasco da Gama

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Explorer who sailed to India and brought valuable spices back to Portugal.

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Christopher Columbus

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Explorer who sailed west, not east, to find the easiest route to Asia. He landed on an island in the Caribbean Sea and claimed it for Spain. He found a world that was new to Europe.

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Ferdinand Magellan

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Explorer who sailed west to find a route to Asia. He sailed around South America and eventually sailed to the Philippines. He died, but his crew continued and they were the first to circumnavigate the globe.

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Hernan Cortes

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Conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire and claimed its land and riches for Spain.

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Francisco Pizarro

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Conquistador who kidnapped the Incan emperor, which led to the empire’s downfall.

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John Cabot

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Explorer who landed in Canada and claimed it for England.

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Henry Hudson

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Explorer who tried to find a northwest passage to Asia, but instead explored the Hudson River. Later he explored Hudson Bay and claimed it for England.

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Absolutism

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This is a form of government where the monarch controls all aspects of the citizen's lives.

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Divine Right

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This is a justification for absolutism that states that the monarch received their power to rule from God.

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Charles V

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Hapsburg, Germany (States), Catholic, who opposed Luther, inherits vast holdings in Europe due to marriage. Negotiates Peace of Augsburg – German princes decide if state is Catholic or Lutheran. Holy Roman Emperor divides HRE, Son Philip II = Spain and the Netherlands, Brother Ferdinand – Austria & HRE; abdicates to a monastery.

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Philip II

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Hapsburg, Spain, Inherits Spain & Netherlands & seizes Portugal. Briefly married to “Bloody” Mary Tudor. Spain flourished under his reign. Felt his duty to defend Catholicism. Armada lost against Elizabeth I –Battle of Lepanto (1588)–. Economy weakened – Severe inflation, expelled Jews (lost valuable business people), nobles did not have to pay taxes. Spain never developed a middle class. successors weak. Lost Netherlands 1579 to William of Orange – became the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

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Henry IV

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First king of the Bourbon dynasty in France. He changes his religion for the people from Protestant to Catholics settling the religious strife in France. “Pairs is well worth a Mass” – Huguenots can live in peace - issues Edict of Nantes. Restores French monarchy to a strong position – killed by a fanatic.

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Louis XIV

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Bourbon monarch in France "Sun King”- unlimited power – center of government – build palace at Versailles – capt. Set style. Abolished religious toleration in France by revoking the Edict of Nantes. Limited power of nobles – France in financial trouble by end of rule. Hurt France in long run with his rule.

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Maria Theresa

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Hapsburg Austria (Pragmatic Sanction – made her heir to the throne. War of Austrian Succession – joined by Great Britain to fight against longtime enemy France which was joined with Prussia. She loses Selesia (Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle) but effectively stopped Prussian aggression.

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Fredrick the Great

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Hohenzollern king of Prussia, Hated his father, but followed his military policies – invaded Silesia – (France ally) War of Austrian Succession VS. Maria Theresa – kept Silesia w/ Great Britains help.

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Peter I (the Great)

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Romanov tsar of Russia who modernized Russia (Westernize) (potatoes, newspaper, raised women’s status, fashion, education)– gained a warm water sea port – Great Northern War- war w/ Sweden gained it moved capt. To St. Petersburg. “Window to the Sea” Put the Russian Orthodox Church under state control.

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James I

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Stuart king of Great Britain, 1st Stuart Monarch, King James version of the Bible, Jamestown first English settlement in the Americas named after him. Strong advocate of absolutism & conflicted with Parliament over this issue. Gun Powder Plot was an unsuccessful assassination attempt against him.

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Capitalism

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This is an economic system based on investing money for profit.

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Charles I

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Stuart King of Great Britain, Fought with Parliament over money so he dissolved it (Personal Rule) 1628 called Parliament again – refused to give him money until signed the Petition of Right. Eventually The English Civil War breaks out - supporters of Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell (roundheads) Supporters of king (Cavaliers/Royalists) 1646 New Model Army defeated Cavaliers – king held prisoner & executed 1649 (a revolutionary thing).

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Charles II

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Stuart King of Great Britain, known as the "Merry Monarch" who restored the throne after years of exile during the Commonwealth under Cromwell. His reign is known as "The Restoration."

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James II

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Stuart King of Great Britain, He was disposed in the Glorious Revolution or bloodless revolution & replaced by his daughter Mary & her Husband William of Orange.

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William & Mary

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Joint monarchs of Great Britain, led the Glorious Revolution against James II (her father) ruled in connection with Parliament, Signed the English Bill of Rights, further limiting the English monarchs’ power.

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Queen Anne

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Stuart Queen of Great Britain, last Stuart monarch, signed the Act of Union – uniting Great Britain into the United Kingdom of England, Scotland, & Ireland.

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Causes of the 30 Years' War

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Hatred for the Hapsburgs, the Peace of Augsburg, and the Defenestration of Prague are all causes of the Thirty Years' War. Since the Hapsburgs ruled both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, the Catholic country of France fought against the Hapsburgs on the Protestant side. The Peace (Treaty) of Westphalia ended the 30 Years' War. France was the big winner while the Holy Roman Empire and Spain were the losers.

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Causes of the English Civil War

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Parliament was angry over Charles I refusal to follow the Petition of Right, which said the king couldn't raise taxes without Parliament and were angry because he thought of himself as a Absolute Monarch. The Roundheads fought on the side of Parliament and the Cavaliers on the side of Charles. The Parliament Won & Oliver Cromwell ruled England as the Commonwealth until his death.

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Glorious Revolution

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When William and Mary took the English throne from James II with no bloodshed. The immediate effect of the Glorious Revolution (because William and Mary had to sign the Bill of Rights) was to turn England into a constitutional (limited) monarchy, giving Parliament more power than the monarchy.

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Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights

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These documents showed the power of the monarch could be checked & therefore limited. They also influenced later documents like the American Bill of Rights.

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Market economy

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This is a type of economy in which prices are determined by the buying and selling decisions of individuals in the marketplace.

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Cottage Industry

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This is a small-scale business in which people work mostly at home.

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Mercantilism

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This is an economic policy by which nations try to gather as much gold and silver as possible by controlling trade and establishing colonies.

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Middle Passage

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The horrible trip of slaves coming from Africa to the Americas.

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Columbian Exchange

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The exchange of goods, ideas, technology, disease, and food between the Americas, Europe, and Africa.

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Triangular Trade

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The name for the trade routes between Africa, the Americas & Europe.

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Atlantic Slave Trade

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The labor intensive agriculture of the New World demanded a large workforce. Crops such as sugar cane, tobacco & cotton required an unlimited & inexpensive supply of labor to assure timely production for the European market. Slaves from Africa were the solution. In the 1800s an estimated 80,000 Africans annually crossed the Atlantic to the New World.

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Conquistadors

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Spanish soldiers, explorers, & adventurers at the service of the Spanish & Portuguese Empires.

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Catherine II (The Great)

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She was empress of Russia, and led her country into the forefront of political and cultural life of Europe, carrying on the work begun by Peter the Great. With the Partition of Poland she added a tremendous amount of territory to the Russian empire.