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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Columbus made 4 trips across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain. What years? |
1492 1493 1498 1502 |
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What was Columbus determined to find? |
He wanted to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia, he never did. Accidentally stumbled upon the Americas. |
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What is the Columbian exchange? |
refers to the culture and biological exchanges that took place after the discovery of America by Columbus: exchanges of plants and animals, diseases, and technologies altered the way of life in both America and Europe. |
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Hernando De Soto |
In 1539, reached Florida with more than 600 soldiers, explorers, and priests. They explored the whole region looking for gold, silver, and valuable treasures, and discovered the Mississipi River. He was buried on the bank of the Mississippi river. |
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Hernan Cortes |
In 1519, he set out an expedition to Mexico with 500 men. In his voyage towards the Aztec empire, he subjugated many tribes. When Cortes reached the capital of the empire, the Aztecs mistook him for their light skinned god Quetzalcoatl, and greeted him instead of resisting his entry to the empire. Montezuma, their leader, wanted to oppose Cortes, but was unsuccessful. |
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Francisco Pizarro |
On November 16, 1532, Pizarro along with his brother and 180 men defeated the king of Inca empire and founded the city of Lima |
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Francisco De Coronado |
He led an expedition from Mexico into present day Kansas in search of the Seven Cities of Gold. He discovered the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon. |
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What are some early immigration patterns? |
in 1620 Pilgrims settled Plymouth, Massachusetts seeking religious freedom. Between 1630-1640 as many as 20,000 Puritans settled the region. If people could not afford passage, they would come to the Americas and work as servants. Slaves were brought to the Americas. |
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Facts about Jamestown. |
The first permanent English colony in North America by people seeking wealth. Hunger, disease, and skirmishes with local Native American tribes almost brought Jamestown to near failure. Tabacco became Virginia's first profitable export. A period of peace followed the marriage of colonist John Rolfe to Pocahontas. |
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Indians in Jamestown. |
The Indians living in the area where Jamestown was settled had mixed feelings about the arrival of the English in 1607. They were aggressive because of their previous experiences with Spanish explorers along their coastline. They even attacked one of the ships before the English landed. The Indians soon began to offer food and traditional Indian hospitality to the English. |
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Indian tribes in Jamestown. |
in the beginning, Powhatan, leader of a confederation o tribes around the Chesapeake Bay, hoped to absorb the newcomers through hospitality and his offerings of food. As the colonists searched for instant wealth, they neglected planting corn and other work necessary to make their colony self-sufficient. They therefore grew more and more dependent on the Indians for food. |
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Captain John Smith |
As the colony of Jamestown deteriorated during the first two years, his leadership saved the colony. Part of this leadership involved exploring the area and establishing trade with local Indians. Unfortunately for the Indians, Smith believed that the English should treat the Indians as the Spanish had done: compel them to "drudgery, work and slavery," so English colonists could live like Soldiers upon the fruit of their labor. When negotiations failed, Smith would take what he wanted by force. |
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Plymouth |
Founded by English separatists (Puritans) known today as Pilgrims searching for religious liberty. |
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Maryland |
was founded as a sanctuary for English Catholics wanting to live with more religious freedom. |
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Philadelphia |
William Penn founded Philadelphia as the capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was an important meeting place for our founding fathers during the American Revolution (first and second continental congress) and one of our nation's early capitals. Many German Immigrants settles in Pennsylvania. |
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Major Eastern tribes Iroquois |
(5 nations) Powerful confederation living on the Northeast coast. Sided with English against the French Hunted, farmed, and fished. |
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Major Eastern tribes Algonquians |
Lived along east coast, Canada, and near great lakes. Provided the main obstacle to the spread of the colonies westward. Were French allies in the French/Indian war against the Americans and the British. |
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Major Eastern Tribes Cherokee |
Lived in the Southeastern part of America Became civilized and many adopted European ways. During the presidency of Andrew Jackson, the government forced them off their land and had them march many miles to a new reservation "Trail of Tears" many died along the way. |
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Native Americans Population |
Native American population fell dramatically after the European Settlers arrived (having no immunity from their common diseases: smallpox, measles.) |
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Northern Colonies New England |
The first colonists were Puritans (Pilgrims). They grew their own food. The soil was poor with rocky terrain, and the climate too harsh and the winters too cold for the colonists to grow cash crops. They turned to fishing, lumbering, fur trading. |
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MIDDLECOLONIES |
The first colonists were Dutch and settled at the mouth of the Hudson River. When the British took “New Amsterdam” from the Dutch, they called it New York instead. Quakers seeking religious freedom settled Pennsylvania. Land was more fertile here than in New England and encouraged cash crops. William Penn founded Philadelphia as the capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was an important meeting place for our founding fathers during the American Revolution (first and second continental congress) and one of our nation’s early capitals |
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SOUTHERNCOLONIES |
The first colonists were English and settled in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Their goal was to find gold in order to obtain wealth as rapidly as possible. This goal was not obtained. John Rolfe discovered that tobacco grew well in the southern climate. Tobacco and rice became the major crops of the southern colonies. These cash crops were grown on large plantations that needed large numbers of workers. Maryland was intended to be a sanctuary for Catholics. Religions freedom was not large concern for most colonists. |
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THECOLONY OF GEORGIA |
THE LAST OF THE COLONIES TO BE FOUNDED, GEORGIA, WAS SETTLED TO ACT AS A BUFFER BETWEENTHE PROSPEROUS COLONY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND THE SPANISH SETTLEMENTS INFLORIDA. THE COLONY WAS LARGELY POPULATED BYPEOPLE (DEBTORS) WHOCOULDN’T REPAY THEIR LOANS IN ENGLAND—MANY OF WHOM HAD BEEN IMPRISONED INENGLAND FOR THIS REASON. |
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THEFRENCH & INDIAN WAR |
The French and Indian War (it was part ofa larger war going on in Europe where it was called the Seven-Year-Long War)was between France and England (Great Britain). France had many Indian allies. (The Indians generally preferred theFrench because they didn’t usually settle on the land, they just traded withthem.) Together they were fighting theBritish for control of North America. Originally,France had control of large parts of Canada and the Louisiana Territory. BENJAMINFRANKLIN, A COLONIAL LEADER, SUGGESTED THAT THE COLONIES UNIFY FOR MUTALDEFENSE DURING THE WAR. THIS WAS KNOWNAS THE ALBANY PLAN |
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THEFRENCH & INDIAN WAR1754-1763 |
The French and Indians had many early victories but in the end the British prevailed. The Treaty of Paris ended the war and gave the English control of Canada and the French areas east of the Mississippi River. As a result of the war, the American colonists didn’t need British protection against the French anymore and became increasingly independent. Additionally, the English also forced the Americans to pay more taxes which led ultimately to the American Revolution. |
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PROCLAMATIONOF 1763 |
FOLLOWING THE BRITISH VICTORY OVER THE FRENCH IN THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, KING GEORGE OF BRITAIN FORBADE THE COLONISTS FROM SETTLING PAST A LINE DRAWN ALONG THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS CREATING A WESTERN RESERVE FOR THE NATIVE POPULATION |
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“NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION” |
THEBRITISH GOVERNMENT ISSUED A SERIES OF TAX LAWS FOLLOWING THE FRENCH AND INDIANWAR TO PAY THE DEBT INCURRED DURING THE WAR. THE BRITISH THOUGHT THAT THE COLONISTS SHOULD HELP PAY FOR THEIR OWNPROTECTION—AGAINST THE FRENCH. |
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SONS OF LIBERTY |
A SECRET ORGANIZATION OF AMERICANCOLONISTS CREATED TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF THE COLONISTS AND TO RESIST BRITISHGOVERNMENT POLICIES DEEMED UNFAIR. THEY WERE ESPECIALLY ACTIVE BATTLING THESTAMP ACT IN 1765 |
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SONS OF LIBERTY (INCREASED TAXES ON COMMODITIES LED TO WIDE-SPREAD COLONIAL DISCONTENT RESULTINGIN THE BOSTON TEA PARTY.) |
SAM ADAMS ALONG WITH THE SONS OF LIBERTYBOARDED THREE BRITISH SHIPS IN BOSTONHARBOR AND THREW OVER 300 CHESTS OF TEA INTO THE HARBOR (BOSTON TEA PARTY).THIS RESULTED IN THE PUNITIVE COERCIVE ACTS IN1774.THESE ACTS PUSHED AMERICA CLOSER TO WARWITH BRITAIN. |
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Where were British allowed to settle colonies? |
The British did not establish anycolonies west of the Appalachian Mountains and strongly discouraged settlementwest of that mountain range. |
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KINGGEORGE |
•King of England during revolution. |
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GEORGEWASHINGTON |
•commander of continental army and our nation’s first president. |
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JOHNADAMS |
important figure in the first and 2nd Continental Congress and was the 2nd president. |
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BENJAMINFRANKLIN |
•famous inventor, printer, and ambassador to France during revolution. |
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THOMASPAINE |
wrote pamphlet, Common Sense, which greatly influenced people to separate from England |
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THOMASJEFFERSON |
wroteDeclaration of Independence and was our nation’s 3rd president. |
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DECLARATIONOF INDEPENDENCE |
Whenin the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolvethe political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume amongthe powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws ofNature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions ofmankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to theseparation.Wehold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that theyare endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among theseare Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights,Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from theconsent of the governed…."extrK |
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BATTLE OF SARATOGA |
GENERAL JOHN BURGOYNE LED AN INVASIONARMY DOWN FROM CANADA. HIS ARMY WASEVENTUALLY TRAPPED AND SURROUNDED BY A SUPERIOR AMERICAN ARMY LED BY HORATIOGATES AND BENEDICT ARNOLD. THE BATTLE MARKED THE GREAT TURNING POINTIN THE WAR.VICTORY BROUGHT FOREIGN ASSISTANCE FROMTHE FRENCH WHICH GREATLY FACILITATED VICTORY. |
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SEIGE OF YORKTOWN |
GENERAL WASHINGTON WITH FRENCH SUPPORT DEFEATED THE ARMIES OF CORNWALLISAND WAS THE LAST MAJOR BATTLEOF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. |
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ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION |
A written document thatestablished the functions of the national government of the United States afterit declared independence from Great Britain. Thefederal government was given the authority to negotiatewith foreign countries, but it did not include theestablishment of a strong powerful executive branch of government |
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Weakness of the Articles of Confederation |
1.Government had no power to tax. 2.Government had little power to enforce laws. 3.Nine states had to approve before a law could be passed. 4.The government had no executive branch or court control. (In addition, states began printing their own currency: money.) |
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Results of the Articles of Confederation |
•Thegovernment was always short of money.•Thegovernment had to rely on the states to enforce laws.•Itwas very hard to create new laws.Thegovernment had difficulty coordinating the affairs of governing and there wasno way to settle disputes between states.0 |
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SHAY’S REBELLION |
DANIEL SHAYS, A FORMER MILITIA OFFICER, LED THE PROTEST IN MASSACHUSETTS IN 1786 FOLLOWING THE FORECLOSURES OF FARMS FOR DEPT. THE REBELLION BRIEFLY SUCCEEDED IN SHUTTING DOWN THE LOCAL COURT SYSTEM. THIS EVENT LED MANY CONSERVATIVES TO SEE THE NEED FOR A STRONG NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AND COTRIBUTED TO THE MOVEMENT TO CREATE THE CONSTITUTION. |
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WHISKEY REBELLION |
SEVERAL FARMERSLIVING IN PENNSYLVANIAREBELLED AGAINST A NEW TAXON WHISKEY.SEVERAL GOVERNMENT OFFICERS WERE KILLEDIN THE RIOTS THAT FOLLOWED.PRESIDENT WASHINGTON FORCEFULLY PUT DOWNTHE REBELLION. |
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TWOPOLITICAL PARTIES ALREADY DEVELOPING |
•FEDERALISTS FAVORED A STRONG CENTRAL (FEDERAL) GOVERNMENT. •ANTI-FEDERALISTS FAVORED A MUCH LESS POWERFUL NATIONAL GOVERNMENT FEARING THAT IT WOULD LEAD TO TYRANNY. |
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THE FOUNDING FATHERS CREATED A FEDERAL SYSTEM OFGOVERNMENT BECAUSE THEY BELIEVED IT PROVIDED A BALANCE BETWEEN A CENTRALGOVERNMENT (FEDERAL) AND THE STATE GOVERNMENTS. |
(A DIVISION OF POWER BETWEEN THE STATESAND THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT—ESTABLISHED THROUGH THE 10TH AMENDMENT) |
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What did Abigal Adams say in her letter to John Adams? |
John Adams, who was serving in the continental congress , famously received a letter from his wife: Abigail Adams. In the letter she wrote, “Remember the ladies.” This is one of the first examples of women playing an active role in the creation of national policy in our country. |
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CONSTITUTIONTHEGREAT COMPROMISE OF 1787 |
PERHAPS THE MOST IMPORTANT DEBATE AT THECONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION IN 1787 FOCUSED ATTENTION ON HOW MANY REPRESENTATIVESEACH STATE WOULD BE GIVEN IN THE NEW GOVERNMENT. THE LARGER, MORE POPULOUS STATES FAVOREDTHE VIRGINIA PLAN (THE NUMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES BASED ON A STATE’SPOPULATION). THE SMALLER, LESS POPULOUSSTATES, FAVORED THE NEW JERSEY PLAN (EACH STATE WOULD HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OFREPRESENTATIVES IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT). THE COMPROMISE WAS REACHED, KNOWN AS THECONNECTICUT PLAN OR “GREAT COMPROMISE”WHEN IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT THE NEW GOVERNMENT ADOPT THE BICAMERAL (TWO-CHAMBERED CONGRESS) PLAN: SENATE ANDTHE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. EACH STATE WOULD HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OFSENATORS FOR THE SENATE, BUT REPRESENTATION IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVESWOULD BE BASED ON A STATE’S POPULATION. |
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THE3/5 COMPROMISE |
After much debate, it was decided thatstates would count 3/5 of their slave population inthe determination of congressional representation, presidential electors, andtaxes. |
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BILLOF RIGHTS MANY PEOPLE FEARED THAT THE NEW CONSTITUTION DIDN’T DO ENOUGH TO PROTECTPEOPLE’S INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS SO THE BILL OF RIGHTS WAS ADOPTED TO ADDRESS THESECONCERNS |
•THEFIRST TEN AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION ARE KNOWN AS THE BILL OF RIGHTS.•THESEAMENDMENTS GUARANTEE MANY OF THE INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES WE NOW ENJOY. THEYWERE WRITTEN TO ALLAY THE FEARS OF THE ANTI-FEDERALISTS ABOUT AN OVERLYPOWERFUL CENTRAL GOVERNMENT |
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WORDS BELOW TAKEN FROM THE PREAMBLE TOTHE BILL OF RIGHTS |
THEConventions of a number of the States having at the time of their adopting theConstitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuseof its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should beadded: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, willbest insure the beneficent ends of its institution. |
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AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION THE FIRST TEN ARE KNOWN AS THE BILL OF RIGHTS |
ENSURES INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION FROM UNFAIRACTIONS BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.ANY INDIVIDUAL’S RIGHTS ARE LIMITED WHENTHEY CONFLICT WITH THE RIGHTS OF OTHER CITIZENS._hint_html[] |
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IMPORTANTAMENDMENTS |
ONE:FREEDOM OF RELIGION & SPEECH.FOUR: FORBIDS UNREASONABLE SEARCHES.SIX: PROVIDES FOR A SPEEDY TRIAL BY JURY.TEN: (All powers not specifically given tothe Federal Government are to be reserved for the states—typically this is theamendment that is pointed to when discussing a state’s right to educate itscitizens). •ENSURESINDIVIDUAL PROTECTION FROM UNFAIR ACTIONS BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.•ANYINDIVIDUAL’S RIGHTS ARE LIMITED WHEN THEY CONFLICT WITH THE RIGHTS OF OTHERCITIZENS. |
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IMPORTANTAMENDMENTS |
THIRTEEN: ABOLISHEDSLAVERY.FIFTEEN:MAKES IT UNCONSTITUTIONAL TO RESTRICTVOTING BASED ON RACE (FORMER SLAVES GIVEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE).NINETEEN:MAKES IT UNCONSTITUTIONAL TO RESTRICT VOTING BASED ON GENDER (WOMENGIVEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE).TWENTY-FIRST:REPEALS THE EIGHTEENTH AMENDMENT (PROHIBITION OF ALCOHOL). |
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CONSTITUTION |
•MANYFEARED THAT THE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT WOULD BECOME MORE LIKE THE OFFICE OF AKING.•WASHINGTONONLY STAYED TWO TERMS BEFORE RETIRING.•THISSET THE PRECEDENT OFTWO TERMS IN OFFICE BY A PRESIDENT.•ONLYF.D.R. (FranklinD. Roosevelt)BROKE THE TRADITION SERVING FOUR TERMS.•AFTERF.D.R. DIED THE CONSTITUTION WAS AMENDED LIMITING THE TERM IN OFFICE TO TWOYEARS. |
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CONSTITUTIONPREAMBLE |
We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. |
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CONSTITUTION |
THE CONSTITUTION ASSIGNS THE POWER TODECLARE WAR, RAISE AND SUPPORT ARMIES, SUPPRESS INSURRECTIONS, AND REPELINVASIONS TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS. |
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FEDERALISTPAPERS |
TheFederalist papers were a series of essays urging citizens to ratify the UnitedStates Constitution. Theywere written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, andJohn Jay andpublished anonymously. |
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DEMOCRACY |
•ANCIENTGREECE (ATHENS) WAS THE FIRST CIVILIZATION TO ALLOW A LARGE PORTION OF ITSCITIZENS THE RIGHT TO VOTE AND HAVE A SAY IN GOVERNMENT. •ADIRECT DEMOCRACY IS BEST EXEMPLIFIED BY A TOWN MEETINGS WHERE THE ENTIRE LOCALPOPULATION IS ALLOWED TO PROVIDE INPUT ON IMPORTANT TOWN POLICY.html> |
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POLITICALIDEOLOGIES |
•LIBERALISM: Centers on individual rights.•CONSERVATISM: Theinclination, especially in politics, to maintain the existing or traditionalorder.•SOCIALISM: Asocial organization in which the means of producing and distributing goods isowned collectively or by a centralized government that often plans and controlsthe economy. |
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BICAMERALLEGISLATURE |
The bicameral structure of Congress wasdesigned by the founding fathers to minimize the possibility of any onegovernmental body becoming too powerful. The House wasmeant to be the most democratic of the national institutions because itsmembers are reelected every two years. The Senate wasdesigned as a select body that would act as a check on the House. |
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BRANCHESOF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT |
LEGISLATIVE:TWO SENATORS FROM EACH STATE, THE NUMBER OF CONGRESSMEN DETERMINED BY THE STATEPOPULATION, MAKES LAWS.EXECUTIVE: MAYSERVE UP TO TWO, FOUR YEAR TERMS, SIGNS LAWS, VETOES LAWS, APPOINTS FEDERALJUDGES.JUDICIAL:THERE ARE NINE JUSTICES, THEY DECIDE IF NEW LAWS ARE CONSTITUTIONAL, CANOVERTURN JUDGEMENTS OF OTHER JUDGES IN THE LAND. |
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FEDERALGOVERNMENT |
THE CONSTITUTION GRANTS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CERTAIN POWERS. THE POWER TO COLLECT TAXES.THE POWER TO REGULATE INTERSTATECOMMERCE.THE POWER TO COIN MONEY AND REGULATECURRENCY.THE POWER TO DECLARE WAR AND MAINTAIN ANARMY AND NAVY.THE POWER TO FORM TRADE AGREEMENTS WITHOTHER COUNTRIES.•10 |
