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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The father of school psychology is
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Ligthner Witmer |
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The first school psychologist was
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Arnold Gessell |
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B. F. Skinner
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Skinner believed that all behavior was shaped and maintained by consequences that followed behavior.
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Albert Bandura believed that cognition helped
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drive behavior . Bandura added balance to the strict beliefs of the behavioristic theories of Skinner.
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one of the first scientists to measure the construct of intelligence
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Alfred Binet |
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Spearman and Thurstone both contributed substantially to psychometrics and cognitive testing. Spearman, especially, helped develop factor analysis.
What else did he create? |
G factor intelligence |
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Cattell– Horn theory of crystallized and fluid intelligence. What do they mean |
Fluid intelligence is associated with reasoning with novel problems, whereas crystallized intelligence is related to acquired knowledge and skills.
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Cattell– Horn–Carroll or CHC theory
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Wisc/Das/wj/sb
is statistically derived.
CHC adds additional narrow abilities to the crystallized and fluid view of intelligence.
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IDEA Public Law 94– 142
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) 2004
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The IDEA act gives the right to a free and appropriate public education in the LRE for all students.
- Students must be assessed with nondiscriminatory assessments and decisions must be made by a multidisciplinary team that includes parents. - RTI can be used. - Elaborates and further defines parental safeguards and rights presented in IDEA. - Provides funds for children from birth to age
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Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), 1974
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Schools must adhere to strict student record-keeping procedures.
FERPA recordkeeping laws are designed to protect confidentiality and allow parents access to educational records.
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When can parent request an amendment under ferpa |
When privacy has been breached when its incorrect when info is misleading |
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The Rehabilitation Act: Section 504, 1973
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ADA-- Many people mistakenly believe this is an educational law, but it is important to remember the Office of Civil Rights,
Provides a broader definition of “handicap” than “disability” under IDEA (Sped Law).
Section 504 prohibits discrimination against otherwise qualifying individuals on the basis of a handicapping condition in any program receiving federal funds.
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Zero Reject Principle
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Established Child Find, which requires states to locate and identify children with disabilities and provide them with full educational opportunity, regardless of the severity of the disability.
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Must be filed within ____ of problem or dispute.
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2 YEARS |
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Resolution meetings
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Within 15 days of receiving |
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IEP meetings must be held within ___days after a parent signs consent for initial evaluation and _____after that. Re-evaluations are held every___years.
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60 1ce a year 3 |
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Civil Rights |
Cant exclude kids from effective participation in schools bc they dont understand english |
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Brown V Board of Ed |
Segregation of students in public schools violates the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment
so just rememmber- Brown- Segregation... |
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Debra v Turlington |
Diploma sanction testing- 1. adequate notice requires that students be told what a graduation test will cover several years before 2. Curricular validity
So just remember- Deb wants her Diploma |
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Diana v State Board of Ed |
One cant identify a kid as MR based on IQ tests that are in english if they are ESL.
states that assessments must be administered in the native language of the student in order to validate minority testing practices.
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Hobson v hanson |
Dont use test scores to group kids into tracks- its unconstitutional bc it discriminates against the blacks and poor.
Hanson- Tracks...Cd.. |
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Larry P v Riles |
Culturally biased IQ tests lead to disproportion of african americans as MR
percentage of minority students placed in special education classrooms couldn’t exceed the percentage in the representative population.
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Mills v BOA of Disctrict of Columbia |
Students w disability must be given public education |
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P.A.S.E vs Hanson |
IQ tests arent disciminatory as long as they arent culturally biased and are used w other measures |
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Marshall v. Georgia
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that stood in contrast to the Larry P. case. The Marshall ruling stated that the percentage of minorities placed in special education can exceed the percentage in the representative population as long as the appropriate and proper steps for placement were followed.
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Honig v. Doe
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states that special education students must have a manifestation hearing to review placement if they are suspended for more than 10 days.
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Rowley v. Board of Education
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judge stated public schools do not have to provide the best education, but rather an adequate education. In other words , schools do not have to provide a Cadillac; a Ford is acceptable. |
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Child Find Law
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children 0 to 3 years old was based on PL- 94-457, Education of the Handicapped Act. PL-94-457 authorized early intervention for toddlers and families.
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Perkins Act
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gives rights to transition special educational students into vocational programs.
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Tatro v. Irving Independent School District
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Supreme Court case that ruled that schools must provide medical services that do not require a medical doctor to be perform them to students who require such services, even if the child needs full-time attention from a nurse. - aka cleaning catheter |
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Buckley Amendement |
ferpa
The Buckley amendment requires that schools provide an administrative process for parents to challenge and request changes to information in their child's education records that they believe are misleading, inaccurate, or inappropriate. |
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“Look at the childs in park” or “I runned home”. |
morphological |
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Emily has a disease caused by brain damage that affects her movement and motor development. When Emily’s teacher asks her to pick up a pencil and write, she has difficulty initiating the movement. When Emily finally grasps the pencil, she is unable to control her arm and hand and she scribbles on the page. Emily has which of the following disabilities? |
cerebral palsy |
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How to remember dependent vs Independent var |
I'M a DR Indep- MANIPULATED Dependent- RESPONDS to the indepentent |
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Reliability |
when you step on the scale, its gives u the same or similar weight- every time. Its consistent. It tell u you are skinny every day. U rely on the scale to tell you u are skinny every day.
the consistency in what we are measuring-- its consitently a good scale! its reliable!
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How to rest reliablity (consistency) |
rest-retest Split half
Internal consitency- how well do the items point in the direction of what u are measuring? Inter rater --Crohnachs alpha |
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Validity |
Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure |
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How to remember Reliability vs validity |
RC VA
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Content Validity |
When a test has content validity, the items on the test represent the entire range of possible items the test should cover. |
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Criterion-related Validity |
A test is said to have criterion-related validity when the test has demonstrated its effectiveness in predicting criterion or indicators of a construct.
There are two different types of criterion validity: 1.Concurrent Validity 2. Predictive Validity |
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Predictive Validity |
Predictive Validity occurs when the criterion measures are obtained at a time after the test. Examples of test with predictive validity are career or aptitude tests, which are helpful in determining who is likely to succeed or fail in certain subjects or occupations |
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Concurrent Validity |
This indicates the extent to which the test scores accurately estimate an individual’s current state with regards to the criterion. For example, on a test that measures levels of depression, the test would be said to have concurrent validity if it measured the current levels of depression experienced by the test taker. |
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Construct Validity |
A test has construct validity if it demonstrates an association between the test scores and the prediction of a theoretical trait.
Intelligence tests are one example of measurement instruments that should have construct validity. |
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Face Validity |
Face validity is a simple form of validity in which researchers determine if the test seems to measure what is intended to measure. Essentially, researchers are simply taking the validity of the test at face value by looking at whether a test appears to measure the target variable. |
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External validity |
extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people. |
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Internal validity |
extent to which a causal conclusion based on a study is warranted. Such warrant is constituted by the extent to which a study minimizes systematic error (or 'bias').
it is the approximate truth about inferences regarding cause-effect or causal relationships |
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Right Hemisphere |
New learning and processing Novel info Creativity visual spatial info processing empathy |
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Left Hemisphere |
Memory of Learned facts Language Verbal info Factual info
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Hippocampus |
formning new memories |
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amygalda |
emotions |
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cerebral cortex |
higher order thinking
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when u see reasoning u should think |
higher order process |
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aphasia |
cant learn lang |
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short term memory holds |
7 plus or minus 2
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working memory holds |
4-8 |
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Bandura social learning theory |
Social learning theory states that people learn not only through reinforcers and punishers (i.e., B.F. Skinner’s behaviorism) but also through observation. Albert Bandura illustrated that children can act aggressively by merely watching the violent behavior of others. The keyword to remember for Bandura’s research is “modeling.”
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Piaget's stage of dev
Birth- age 2 |
Sensorimotor |
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piaget mnemonic |
some pets can fart |
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Piaget 2-7 |
preoperational |
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Piaget- 7-11 |
concrete |
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piaget 11 on |
formal |
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erikson mneumonic |
targaryns are iffy iffy indiants |
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erikson 3-5 |
initiative v guilt
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erikson - elem school age-- 6-12 |
industry v inferiority
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eriksonn highschool |
identity v role confusion |
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kholbergs preconventinal |
kids-- behavior is to avoid punishment |
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kholberg-- conventional |
most people-- behavior is deisire to gain approval and maintain relationships |
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ecological assessments mnemonic |
ICEL
instruction- curriculum- env- learning style |
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Ecological assessments |
For example, a school psychologist analyzes work samples, prior grades, and assessments. Information from parents, teachers, and the student is collectedI
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ID |
Operates on the “pleasure principle.”
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Ego |
Rational |
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super ego |
Emerges when the child internalizes (accepts and absorbs) parental or societal morals, values, and roles and develops a conscience.
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Behavior rating scales |
Devereux Scales of Mental Disorders (DSMD) Revised Behavior Problem Checklist (RBPC) Behavior Dimensions Scale BDS-S Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Conners Basc |
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Personality Assessments examples |
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – Adolescent (MMPI-A) Million Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale |
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Personality Assessments info |
Are primarily self-report
• Can be designed to identify
• Are subject to response |
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Why use performance based |
It actively involves students
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Infant and Early Childhood/Preschool scales |
WPPSI 2 yrs 6 mos–7 yrs 3 mos SB-V 2-85 Bayley Scales of Infant Development 0-40 MO Infant Psychological Development Scales WJ- 2-90 Denver Developmental Screening Test II |
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There are two levels of collecting progress-monitoring data:
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SMM and GOM |
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SMM |
(SMM)—Information on student progress is collected to determine whether the specific intervention for the target behavior is effective. SMM data should be collected frequently, even daily.
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GOM |
(GOM)—Data are collected to determine whether the student is making progress toward long-range goals. GOMs are used less frequently than SMM, such as once a week.
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Consultation procress |
1. entry and contracting 2. prob identification 3. intervention planning 4. resolution |
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consultation is a ___ relationship |
tridactic |
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direct behavior consultation |
focuses on teaching skills to teahcers via direct interactions with students. ultimate indicator of success is the students outcomes
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most widely used feature of consultation |
indirect service delivery approach |
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Behavior model of consultation is an ____ service model.
consultant and consultee use ____ model to help the client
all behavior is_____
goal is to |
indirect-- problem solving model functional reduce undseriable behaviors by altering relationship with the behavior and env |
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Caplan model is mental health model... it focuses on the___ and uses a ____ approach.
3 types of consultation under this model |
focus is on the consultee is non-heirarchial consultee, client, and program |
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consultee, client, and program consulation |
client= not favored, focus on the student and work directly w the student
consultee-- teach the teacher to deal w the student
program- inservices, workships- benefits the entire school |
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nasp endorses the |
indirect service model |
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factors that interfeer w consultation |
client resists time constraints lack of leadership unclear goals adversarial relationships communication difficulties |
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consultation is ___ while collaboration is ____ |
indirect direct |
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conjoint behavior model |
focuses on the behavior of the student special type of model that supports meeting w all of the parties-- student, teacher, parents |
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(ecological) Systems theory |
problem identification problem analysis intervention evaluatoin |
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Das -Naglieri PASS Model:
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This model of the brain function functionally divided the brain into four units and was originally proposed by A. E. Luria. This theory holds significant promise to help practitioners to conceptualize intelligence as it relates to brain function.
Four Functional Units of Brain Processes (PASS) 1. Planning 2. Attention 3. Simultaneous Processing 4. Successive Processing
PASS is more theory based than statistically based -- CAS is a test aligned w it
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) |
CBT is based on the premise that thoughts influence feelings and ultimately control behavior.
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Cognitive Therapy:
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Related to reality therapy and developed by William Glasser, emphasis is on cognition and beliefs. Behavioral interventions, although important , are not the focus with this type of counseling. |
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Behavioral and Behaviorism Techniques
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Behavioral interventions focus less on counseling and more on direct behavioral intervention. |
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Humanistic Approach
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Developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers; believes behavioral change cannot occur without a strong positive rapport built upon unconditional positive regard and empathy. People want to be understood by a trusted adult before they can move to change their lives. |
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Bibliotherapy:
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Bibliotherapy is a type of cognitive intervention. The therapist generally uses a student’s own problem-solving skills and attempts to have the student relate to a character in a story to learn a lesson or skill that will be applicable to the student’s current situation. |
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Group Counseling: |
During group counseling, a therapist can employ many of the same techniques used in individual counseling.
The following are important beneficial characteristics of group counseling: • Is time efficient • Often found within the Tier 2 intervention level • Promotes social learning • Promotes skill generalization
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Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) and Intervention:
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ABA uses systematic instruction and repeated trials to change behavior. ABA is usually highly structured and can use adult-directed strategies, as seen in Lovas training or discrete trial training.
Incidental teaching, structured teaching, pivotal response training, functional communication training, and the picture exchange communication system (PECS).
Discrete trial instruction (DTI) as part of ABA is a systematic way of teaching that involves a series of repeated trials to teach and maintain cognitive, behavioral, or social skills.
• Task analysis (key component of behaviorism) involves breaking down a skill into smaller steps that are easy to teach. Prompts are used to guide learners toward correct responses when teaching tasks. In the beginning , prompts are more obvious and then gradually fade away
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Time out
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can be an effective intervention if not used as a punishment. Time out or sensory breaks are effective with very young children. |
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When using response cost , students___ based on positive classroom behavior and lose them for inappropriate behavior.
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earn tokens |
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Self-management strategies are |
self-directed activities that require children to monitor and/ or evaluate their behavior over time. Better for adults
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RET |
focus on irrational beliefs
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depersonalization |
when u start to blame the client |
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Aptitude - treatment interaction (ATI) |
individual differences in ability need to be taken into account when intervention is being planned
Behavior model - teacher structures the env and provides reinfor and punishment
cog model- based on merging educational and cog psych - based on theories of human thinking - child is seen as active participant who interprets info and applies it
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factors that reduce violence |
positive school env position relationships community support involving students in conflict solitution
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bully prevention 20-30% of kids are bullied |
raise awareness staff commitment address bystander behavoir assertiveness trainning increase adult monitoring imrpove client
need school wide value system, clearly defined rules, positive discpline |
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teirs of PBS |
1. create a vision for the school 2. mentoring and monitoring 3. bip and fba
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measuring school climate |
direct- teacher surveys, focus groups, climate surveys
indirect- surveys |
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Axis 1` |
major psychological disorders |
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axis 2 |
personality and MR |
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axis 3 |
medical condition |
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peabody test |
receptive vocab and intel - only have to point
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Walker McConnel |
scale of social comp |
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main goal of cronback;s correlational approach |
fit people into existing programs
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LD kids account for how many Spec ed |
more than half |
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another term used for ability-discrp model |
experimental |
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which law is the most comprehensive of the civil rights legislation |
504
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Charles spearmen |
General intel factor analysis interl is a general cog ability and could be measured
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Sternbergs triarchic theory of intel |
Measures intelligent behavior not usually tapped in IQ measures
analytic prob solving creativity practical
P.A.P - prob solving, crativity, practical |
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Skinnser view of lang deve |
language is learned thru operant conditioning |
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Chomsky's view of lang dev |
all kids have lang acq devices that allow them to produce consistent sentences once vocab is learned |
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Reaction formation |
Showing the opposite |
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Projection |
attributing my thoughts to yours |
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How do I rem frued's stages and ages |
oh, ava pants likes girls oral anal phallic latency genital |
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school age kids are in which of frueds stages |
latency - 6-15
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preschoolers are in which stage |
anal-phallic
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Criterion or domain refrenced tests rely on |
what test taker can do rather than performance of others |
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Howard Gardner |
Multiple intell |
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partial interval |
behavior is scored if it appeared in any part of the interval |
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MR - mild |
50-70
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moderate mr |
30-50 |
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severe |
less than 30 |
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induction |
ability of oberseve underlying rules that determine behavior
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phonological processing assessments |
PAL2KTEA NEPSY WJ DAS CTOPP |
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Rti data is used for |
identiying learning problems, targeting intervention strategies, deciding if interventions are working |
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3 levels of data |
level, trend, variability |
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crisis interventions are based on __ principals |
humanstic--- bc they are behavirally based and balance reality |
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t score of 90 is =___ scaled score |
160 |
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clinically significant T scores on the BASC |
over 70 |
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besides frontal lobes what else can implicate ADHD |
parietal |
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Main point of Differentiated instruction is to |
let kids show what they know in different ways |
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type 1 error |
false positive
how to remember - P has 1 vertical line |
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type 2 error |
false negative how to remember - N has 2 vertical lines |
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According to Caplan’s model of consultee- centered case consultation , the consultant is primarily interested in: |
Identifying and eliminating the causes of consultee’s difficulties in handling a problem |
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Arnold Gesell is significant to the history of school psych because he |
devised prototypical normative assessment for infants and young children |
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When a child is enrolled in elementary school their parents are involves as |
Supporters, collaborators , problem solvers |
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A teacher attempts to encourage reading by exempting students from homework for each book they read |
Negative reinformcement |
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What is the primary difference between punishment and negative reinforcement? |
Negative reinforcement increases behavior , whereas punishment decreases behavior.
To help with the distinction between terms, think of the annoying seatbelt reminder noise in a car. The noise is a negative stimulus designed to increase your seatbelt-buckling behavior. |
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If a student’s misbehavior increases after the teacher takes away his recess time, this is called?
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Negative reinforcement
Remember, any intervention that increases a behavior is related to negative reinforcement.
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Anxiety is common disorder in society, typically with ____ prevalence rate and a 2: 1 ratio in favor of females.. |
3% to 5% |
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ED VS socially maladjusted main things to know |
ED kids come off as needy, and have difficulty asking for help. They miss school due to emotinoal issues, have no friends, push away people, dont read social cues, cant maintain friendships
VS
Maladapted kids dont like school unless they can socialize, unwilling to comply w directions, they have low grades but its bc they dont pay attention or come to school. They are perceived as cool , they are adeq developed socially, manipulative, lack honesty |
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A _______ is a simple statistic that explains whether there's a relationship or association between any two variables |
correlation |
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There will always be two parts to a correlation coefficient. The first part is the sign, or direction, meaning whether _______
The second part of the correlation coefficient will be a number. The number will always be between _______. |
the coefficient is a positive number or a negative number
zero and one. T |
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A______ means that the two variables move in the opposite direction from each other - as one goes up, the other goes down. |
negative correlation |
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The ______ you see in a correlation tells you the strength of the association between the two variables of interest. In other words, are these two variables very strongly related, or not? |
number |
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The sign of positive or negative is simply a code that indicates |
how the line appeared on the scatter plot |
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____, defined as the most often occurring value |
Mode |
